Deck 6: Police Issues and Practices

Question 1

Today,many agencies have policies requiring their officers to be "objectively reasonable" in their use of force,which is partially defined in which of the following ways?

A) Officers first ask, "How far and when do I 'climb the next rung' of the ladder?"
B) Officers evaluate a situation in light of the known circumstances, including the seriousness of the crime, and level of threat or resistance by the subject.
C) Officers first mentally select the most severe form of force, and then work down the scale from that point, as appropriate for the situation.
D) None of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following are relatively new policing paradigms that can also be applied to combatting terrorism,except:

A) Intelligence-led policing
B) Smart policing
C) Predictive policing
D) Conditional policing

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The fusion center coordinates all response and counter-terrorism elements within a community or metropolitan area,utilizing all of the following,except:

A) medical services.
B) the fire department.
C) law enforcement.
D) schools.
E) All the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the research cited in the textbook,women represent only about _____ of the police chiefs in the United States.

A) 5%
B) 7%
C) 1%
D) 2%

Question 5

To provide for an ongoing supply of talent needed to meet organizational needs,chiefs should use all but which of the following?

A) Recruitment
B) Development tools (such as job rotation, higher-level exposure)
C) A fast-track leadership development program being used in China
D) Career planning

Question 6

The military may be called on to provide personnel and equipment for certain special support activities such as:

A) domestic terrorist events.
B) routine traffic control.
C) where the hot spots are detected by crime analysis.
D) domestic violence cases.

Question 7

Today,more departments and researchers are less comfortable with the ________ depiction of the use-of-force continuum.

A) stair-step
B) circular
C) linear
D) complete lack of a

Question 8

According the research cited in the textbook,women represent about ______ of the sworn personnel in municipal agencies.

A) 13.0%
B) 15.5%
C) 12.0%
D) 16.5%

Question 9

It is the responsibility of command personnel and supervisors to ensure that officers thoroughly understand and comply with pursuit policies.Factors to be considered by the courts in evaluating pursuit liability include the following,except:

A) the use of police warning devices.
B) the number of hours previously worked by the officer in pursuit.
C) the reason for the pursuit.
D) demonstrations of due regard in officers' actions.
E) the use of deadly force.

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the FBI's three categories of terrorist threats?

A) Individual serial terrorist actors
B) Foreign sponsors of international terrorism
C) Formalized terrorist groups
D) Loosely affiliated international radical extremists

Question 11

_____________ is a relatively new law enforcement concept that attempts to improve the quality of policing and provide a better way to attempt to combat crime.

A) Intelligence-led policing
B) Predictive policing
C) The fusion center
D) All of the above

Question 12

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),or drones,are described most accurately as:

A) being directed by a ground or airborne controller.
B) carrying human operators.
C) being available in two basic sizes.
D) being designed to carry nonlethal payloads.

Question 13

Agencies can provide skill development opportunities by having persons with leadership potential do such things as:

A) plan an event, write a training bulletin, or update policies or procedures.
B) conduct training and research, write a proposal or grant, or counsel peers.
C) become a mentor and write contingency plans.
D) become specialized in only one specific area, such as discipline or risk management.

Question 14

National Incident Management System (NIMS),a nationwide system,provides a consistent approach for federal,state,and local governments to work effectively together to primarily:

A) work together to address domestic incidents.
B) plan and implement military strategy to combat terrorism.
C) analyze crime data to seek out hot spots.
D) improve recruiting standards for future police officers.
E) None of the above

Question 15

Chiefs need to take a long-term view and look at _______________________as a continuous process that changes organizational culture.

A) the outsourcing of personnel to other countries
B) the lack of online distance education opportunities
C) succession planning and leadership development
D) None of the above

Question 16

Administrators should have supervisors complete _____________ reports.

A) inspection-information
B) administration liability
C) watchdog
D) control-of-persons

Question 17

One of the several key issues that need to be addressed in recruiting female candidates for law enforcement training is:

A) Field training officers should be supportive of female rookie officers.
B) Academy training should be more difficult on female recruits.
C) Promotional systems should encourage gender bias.
D) Light- or limited-duty assignments should not be made available.

Question 18

Soon the administration,management,and supervision of police agencies could be in a crisis stage because of:

A) there being only a small percentage of employees wanting to be promoted.
B) aging, turnover, and retirement of "baby boomers" and other employees.
C) the outsourcing of personnel to other agencies.
D) the proliferation of illiterate or past drug-abusing recruits.

Question 19

Many police executives and researchers are uncomfortable with the more simplistic,sequential depiction of the traditional use-of-force continuum models.The newest trend that many police executives tend to support is the ___________ model.

A) staircase
B) wheel
C) linear
D) dynamic

Question 20

Individuals can plan their future promotion and development through such activities as:

A) undertaking academic coursework and participating and leading in civic events.
B) attending voluntary conferences and training sessions.
C) guest lecturing in college or academy classes and engaging in research.
D) All of the above

Question 21

Which is not a concern of the changing role of police agencies in the United States?

A) Emphasis is shifting away from local level police work to anti-terrorism.
B) The police themselves are becoming more militarized.
C) Federal agencies are taking over more of the local level responsibilities.
D) The distance between police and the community is increasing.

Question 22

Historically,women have been screened out disproportionately in the pre-employment physical testing used by many agencies.

Question 23

A 2013 study of police use of social media,found that the police typically post crimes occurring in the community or public relations announcements,as a:

A) police blotter .
B) law officer's bulletin.
C) police dispatch.
D) law enforcement news.

Question 24

The United States is not as vulnerable to biological weapons and bioterrorism as other countries.

Question 25

Police work can be easily balanced with family life.

Question 26

Police administrators should consider creating a warning system to alert them when an officer receives excessive complaints within a year.

Question 27

The U.S.Patriot Act decreased the federal government's ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause for "intelligence purposes."

Question 28

Which of the following is not a reason why police agencies regulate the appearance of their officers?

A) To allow them to express their individuality in their dress and to discourage conformity
B) To promote a professional image to the community served
C) To have officers be consistently attired to reflect their authority
D) To distinguish the officer's rank within the agency

Question 29

Which of the following is not one of the changes found by Marks and Sun after the 9/11 terrorist attacks?

A) Increased interaction between law enforcement agencies
B) Increased information sharing and cooperation between state, local, and federal agencies
C) Increased creation of terrorism and counterterrorism units
D) All of the above changes were found.

Question 30

Recruits must be trained in sexually integrated academy classes to ensure full integration between female and male officers.

Question 31

After 9/11,the ___________ area of change occurred in police agency internal organizational structure,and the __________ area of change occurred in larger metropolitan agencies.

A) less common / only
B) less common / most common
C) most common / less common
D) most common / absent

Question 32

Terrorist attacks in the United States are caused by both domestic and foreign terrorists.

Question 33

The FBI's category of foreign sponsors of international terrorism includes countries that have been designated as sponsors but do not view terrorism as a tool of foreign policy.

Question 34

Unfocused,random recruiting is unlikely to attract diversity.

Question 35

In 1985,the Supreme Court ruled that police shooting of any unarmed,nonviolent,fleeing felony suspect violates the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution.

Question 36

"Intelligence" is synonymous with "information."

Question 37

Black police officers face problems similar to those of women who attempt to enter and prosper in police work.

Question 38

Fusion centers have been formed by a number of cities and counties in partnership with the ____ as early-warning groups for terrorism.

A) FBI
B) CIA
C) NIJ
D) FBP

Question 39

Agencies need only briefly review the daily assignments of all probationary officers to assure they have equal opportunity to become effective patrol officers.

Question 40

In which court decision did the U.S.Supreme Court uphold the right of police agencies to regulate the physical appearance of their officers?

A) Gideon v. Wainwright
B) Gregg v. Georgia
C) Kelley v. Johnson
D) Kastigar v. U.S.

Question 41

A(n)_________ _________ situation involves an individual who is actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area.

Question 42

According to the FBI,______________ is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,the civilian population,or any segment thereof,in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Question 43

Reevaluation is the final step of the intelligence gathering process.

Question 44

The fusion center coordinates all response and counter-terrorism elements within a community.

Question 45

For some officers,the uniform is a target for verbal and sometimes physical abuse.

Question 46

Terrorist acts that involve the use of biological agents to produce sickness,disease,or death are collectively referred to as _________________.

Question 47

Use-of-force continuums have not evolved and are therefore discredited and not useful.

Question 48

The use of civilians has become so widespread that an area of controversy concerns how civilianized the police should become.

Question 49

The _____________center coordinates all response and counter-terrorism elements within a community or metropolitan area.

Question 50

Since 9/11,three relatively new policing paradigms have been applied to combatting terrorism and crime fighting.They are ___________,_______________ and ____________ policing.

Question 51

Knowledge such as Super Bowl Sunday being the slowest crime day of the year is an example of using predictive policing.

Question 52

Police chief executives do not have to be concerned with the psychological aspects of their officers' uniforms because these will not affect officers' performance.

Question 53

Roberg,et al.,argued that the trend toward federalization undercuts the local and state officers and agencies that are in the best position to deal with most crime.

Question 54

Officers who use more force are more likely to work certain shifts-evenings and nights-and are usually female.

Question 55

Since 9/11 very few larger police departments have undergone internal restructuring as a way of dealing with terrorism.

Question 56

It is argued that the federalization of national crime policy is disturbing because it leads to a concentration of police power at the national level.

Question 57

The amount of effort required by police or other criminal justice functionary to compel compliance by an unwilling subject is referred to as __________ _________.

Question 58

____ ________ ___________Act of 1878 prohibits using the military to execute the laws domestically.

Question 59

The old approach to active shooter situations,prior to Columbine,was for police to take a _______________strategy,intended to prevent officers and bystanders from getting killed; first responders would establish a perimeter to contain the situation and then wait for the special-weapons team to go in and neutralize the shooters(s).Now, however,police typically employ so-called _________ _________ that confront the shooter.

Question 60

Determining what constitutes "objectively reasonable" is not an easy task.

Question 61

What is meant by intelligence-led policing,predictive policing,and fusion centers?

Question 62

In the case of ___________________,the U.S.Supreme Court held that police agencies have a legitimate,"rational" interest in establishing such rules and regulations regarding officer dress codes.

Question 63

Researcher David Carter looked at officers' conduct and provided a typology of abuse of authority.List and describe the three types of abuse of authority discussed.

Question 64

While police chief executives,through succession planning,need to take a long view and identify and develop employees who have the potential to fill key leadership positions in the organization,how will these executives need to address these issues given the characteristics of newer generations and the use of social media?

Question 65

What are some of the problems involving police use of force and the various studies that have been done?

Question 66

___________ ________ have been evolving for over three decades; they serve as a guideline that officers can use to determine the type of force that is appropriate for certain types of citizen resistance they encounter.

Question 67

What are contract,consolidated,and civilianized police services,and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Question 68

The psychological and legal aspects of police uniforms have not been widely studied; however,what has been done is extremely fruitful.For example,a 2013 study examined data for a 10-year period and 250 cases of assaults against police officers,citizens killed by police officers,and citizen complaints for use of excessive force for differences between officers with black-colored and non-black-colored uniforms.If a panel of civilians or the general public were consulted regarding police officer's uniforms,what do you think the uniforms would look like? Would they still have a paramilitary appearance,or something else? Describe what the uniforms would look like and why you believe the public would make that choice.

Question 69

_________ __________,where a (usually smaller)community contracts with an outside unit of government to provide its policing services,can be said to operate under ________ ______theory,which states that policing works best in small units that are more responsive than large organizations to residents' needs.

Question 70

The definition of _________ ___________ is where an officer's use of force on a free person shall be objectively reasonable based upon the totality of the circumstances known or perceived by him or her at the time force was used.

Question 71

Some critics question the use of social media as it pertains to law enforcement,saying it releases too much information without adequate _____________.

Question 72

The social networking community has been referred to as a(n)"___________ _________," allowing the police to share data,photos,and videos as they solicit help in catching crooks.

Question 73

Targeted efforts by local police agencies to recruit and hire racial/ethnic minorities have resulted in twice as many minorities being hired as women.What are some of the ways that police departments can encourage and retain female officers?

Question 74

A Police Foundation study found that "most women officers have experienced both __________ _________and _____________on the job."

Question 75

___________ _________ is where administrators begin identifying and developing employees who have the potential to fill key leadership positions in the organization,and provide leadership development as a continuous process.

Question 76

What are the legal and psychological effects of police uniforms? How are times changing in these areas?