Deck 32: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Osmoreceptors are cells able to detect an increase in solute concentration in extracellular fluid caused by water loss.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The amounts of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone secreted determine the amount of water reabsorbed in the tubules.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Osmoreceptors associated with thirst are located in the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Plasma,synovial fluid,and cerebrospinal fluid are all examples of extracellular fluid.

Question 5

Electrolytes are substances that dissociate in solution.

Question 6

Urine volume is regulated mainly by hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and by the adrenal cortex.

Question 7

Intracellular fluids constitute about 50% of body weight.

Question 8

In recent years,Ringer solution has frequently been used instead of normal saline.

Question 9

Because of unknown mechanisms,the secretion of saliva generally increases when there is a decrease in the total volume of body water.

Question 10

The volume of interstitial fluid is greater than the volume of plasma.

Question 11

Ingested liquids are the major source of water for the body,followed by water formed from a catabolism,with a smaller amount coming from water in foods.

Question 12

The tonicity of a solution is not important when it is administered subcutaneously.

Question 13

The principle of fluid balance states that fluid intake normally equals fluid output.

Question 14

In infants,total body water constitutes approximately 40% of body weight.

Question 15

If a person takes nothing by mouth for several days,fluid output decreases to zero to compensate and maintain homeostasis.

Question 16

The thirst center is located in the hypothalamus and SFO of the brain.

Question 17

Both ADH and aldosterone cause fluid retention.

Question 18

The two major factors that determine urine volume are glomerular filtration rate and blood volume.

Question 19

Salt and glucose are examples of electrolytes found in the body.

Question 20

Positive ions of electrolytes are cations and are attracted to a cathode.

Question 21

The most crucial mechanisms for maintaining fluid balance adjust output to intake,as in the aldosterone mechanism and the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 22

Interstitial fluid contains an appreciable amount of protein anions,whereas blood contains hardly any.

Question 23

Vomiting or diarrhea each may cause fluid and electrolyte output to exceed intake.

Question 24

The plasma membrane separates the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments.

Question 25

When compared chemically,interstitial fluid and intercellular fluid are almost identical.

Question 26

When compared chemically,intracellular fluid and plasma are almost identical.

Question 27

The body's major fluid compartments are called the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments.

Question 28

Burns,infections,and shock may lead to an increase in plasma proteins,which then causes fluid imbalance.

Question 29

Thirst is associated with any condition that decreases total volume of body water,such as blood loss or hemorrhage.

Question 30

Milliequivalents serve as an accurate measure of the physiological combining power,or reactivity,of a particular electrolyte solution.

Question 31

Chemical similarity predominates between the two extracellular fluids.

Question 32

The milliequivalent is a measure of the weight of an electrolyte.

Question 33

The reactivity or combining power of an electrolyte depends solely on the number of molecular particles present.

Question 34

When the sum of the blood hydrostatic pressure and the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is greater than the sum of the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure,fluid shifts out of the interstitial fluid and into the blood.

Question 35

Mechanisms for controlling water movement between the fluid compartments of the body constitute the slowest-acting fluid balance devices.

Question 36

Water is added to the body only through the digestive tract.

Question 37

The most common cause of edema is generalized venous congestion as a result of heart failure.

Question 38

The only functionally important difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid is the presence of more protein anions in plasma.

Question 39

A person who hyperventilates could lose excessive amounts of water and electrolytes.

Question 40

Blood hydrostatic pressure tends to force fluid out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid.

Question 41

Cell breakdown may lead to a potassium deficiency in the body.

Question 42

A 70-kg (154-lb)adult has a total body sodium pool of approximately 2800 to 3000 mEq.

Question 43

Organic compounds are important sources of electrolytes.

Question 44

A change in electrolyte balance will have little effect on fluid balance.

Question 45

If the volume of fluid and electrolyte levels inside and outside the cell remains relatively constant,a condition of homeostasis exists.

Question 46

The release of aldosterone can cause an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 47

Hypochloremia is frequently linked to cases of potassium loss.

Question 48

Extracellular fluid depletion is the last line of defense against dehydration.

Question 49

Functionally,total body water can be subdivided into two fluid compartments-plasma and interstitial.

Question 50

In parenteral therapy,it is equally important that both intravenous and subcutaneous solutions be isotonic to plasma.

Question 51

A decrease in interstitial fluid sodium concentration will cause an immediate increase in interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 52

A normal saline solution consists of a 9.0% solution of NaCl.

Question 53

The total charge in a solution of dissolved electrolytes and a solution of dissolved non-electrolytes would both be zero.

Question 54

The dissociated particles of an electrolyte are called ions.

Question 55

A continuous movement of sodium occurs between a number of internal secretions,such as saliva,gastric and intestinal secretions,bile,and pancreatic fluid.

Question 56

A person who is dehydrated will need replacement of water and electrolytes.

Question 57

The release of ADH will cause an increase in the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidney.

Question 58

The chief means of regulating body sodium levels is through sweat loss.

Question 59

Acidosis can be rapidly treated by the intravenous administration of lactate.

Question 60

An imbalance of electrolytes between the cells and intercellular areas will cause an imbalance of fluids.

Question 61

Proteins in body fluids are considered anions.

Question 62

A decrease in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid will cause water to leave the cell in an attempt to compensate.

Question 63

Acidosis can be treated rapidly by the intravenous administration of ammonium chloride.

Question 64

The amount of water removed by the kidney as urine is greater than all the other sources of water loss combined.

Question 65

Hydrostatic pressure serves as the chief regulator of water transfer between intracellular and interstitial fluid.

Question 66

The total concentration of anions in blood plasma is slightly higher than the total concentration of cations.

Question 67

Colloid pressure is the chief regulator of water transfer between intracellular and interstitial fluid.

Question 68

The skin is one of the areas of the body that contributes to obligatory water loss.

Question 69

Skin "tenting" is a sign of possible dehydration.

Question 70

Whereas sodium is the predominant cation in blood plasma,potassium is the predominant cation in intracellular fluid.

Question 71

Angiotensin I and angiotensin II increase the secretion of aldosterone.

Question 72

When a 6% body weight loss occurs because of dehydration,it causes an increase in pulse rate,body temperature,and respiration rate.

Question 73

Intracellular fluid is the only fluid that usually contains protein.

Question 74

Physiologically,the valence of an electrolyte is more important than the number of particles in a solution.

Question 75

Edema can be defined as the presence of an abnormally large amount of intracellular fluid.

Question 76

A body weight loss of 7% due to dehydration is the most that can be tolerated and still sustain life.

Question 77

Milligram percent is the most common unit used to measure electrolyte concentration.

Question 78

If the other three forces that determine fluid movement were unchanged,an increase in blood hydrostatic pressure would cause edema.

Question 79

Fluid tends to be pushed out of the blood vessels at the venous end and reabsorbed at the arterial end.

Question 80

ANH assists in the regulation of urine volume.