Deck 24: B: Immune System

Question 1

The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:

A) IgE.
B) IgG.
C) IgM.
D) IgA.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:

A) neutrophil.
B) histocyte.
C) microglia.
D) Kupffer cell.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?

A) The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
B) Part of the inflammatory response
C) A major component of the body's third line of defense
D) A nonspecific defense

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:

A) IgE.
B) IgG.
C) IgM.
D) IgA.

Question 5

All of the following are major types of interferon except _____ interferon.

A) cartilage
B) leukocyte
C) immune
D) fibroblast

Question 6

The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:

A) IgE.
B) IgG.
C) IgM.
D) IgA.

Question 7

The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:

A) IgE.
B) IgG.
C) IgM.
D) IgA.

Question 8

All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:

A) species resistance.
B) phagocytosis.
C) cell-mediated immunity.
D) mechanical and chemical barriers.

Question 9

The body's first line(s)of defense is(are)the:

A) skin.
B) mucous membranes.
C) inflammatory response.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 10

Memory cells:

A) immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed.
B) are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production.
C) are a special type of T cell.
D) become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

Question 11

The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as "not self" is called:

A) nonspecific immunity.
B) specific immunity.
C) autoimmune.
D) none of the above.

Question 12

The most abundant circulating antibody,the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood,is:

A) IgG.
B) IgA.
C) IgE.
D) IgM.

Question 13

Inflammation mediators include:

A) histamine.
B) kinins.
C) prostaglandins.
D) all of the above.

Question 14

The function of which antibody is basically unknown?

A) IgE
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgA

Question 15

Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:

A) antigens.
B) plasma proteins.
C) antibodies.
D) prostaglandins.

Question 16

B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity.

A) nonspecific
B) antibody-mediated
C) cell-mediated
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 17

The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:

A) IgG.
B) IgE.
C) IgA.
D) IgD.

Question 18

An immunoglobulin,or antibody molecule,consists of _____ heavy and _____ light polypeptide chains.

A) two; two
B) four; two
C) two; four
D) four; four

Question 19

The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:

A) IgE.
B) IgD.
C) IgM.
D) IgA.

Question 20

The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of _____ amino acids.

A) 50
B) 77
C) 106
D) 168

Question 21

Which of the following can activate,or turn on,an inactive B cell?

A) Binding to its specific antibody
B) Binding to its specific antigen
C) Helper T cell
D) All B cells are activated when an infant is born.

Question 22

Interferon inhibits the spread of:

A) viruses.
B) bacteria.
C) cancer.
D) yeast.

Question 23

Macrophages sensitize:

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) T cells and B cells.
D) none of the above.

Question 24

Which type of cells is not involved in nonspecific immunity?

A) Monocytes
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages

Question 25

Complement can best be described as a(n):

A) enzyme in blood.
B) lymphokine.
C) antibody.
D) hormone.

Question 26

Examples of lymphocytes are:

A) B cells.
B) T cells.
C) both A and B.
D) none of the above.

Question 27

Which antibody has 10 antigen-binding sites?

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG

Question 28

The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be _____ immunity.

A) active natural
B) passive natural
C) active artificial
D) passive artificial

Question 29

Which antibody has two antigen-binding sites?

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgG
D) Both A and B

Question 30

Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:

A) antigens and antibodies.
B) T cells and B cells.
C) red blood cells and white blood cells.
D) agglutinogens and agglutinins.

Question 31

According to the clonal selection theory,antigens select lymphocyte clones by:

A) the chemicals secreted by the lymphocytes.
B) the proximity of the lymphocytes to the antigens.
C) the shape of receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane.
D) producing toxins.

Question 32

When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection,this type of immunity is called _____ immunity.

A) acquired
B) natural
C) active
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Sebum
C) Complement
D) Hydrolyzing enzymes

Question 34

The complement system can be activated by:

A) the binding of complement protein 1 to the complement-binding site on the antibody molecule.
B) the binding of complement protein 3 to bacteria or viruses in the presence of properdin.
C) nonspecific immune mechanisms.
D) all of the above.

Question 35

Which of the following can activate complement?

A) T cells
B) Interferon
C) Properdin
D) Lymphokine

Question 36

Which antibody has four antigen-binding sites?

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG

Question 37

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?

A) Heat
B) Redness
C) Swelling
D) All of the above are characteristics of inflammation.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of lymphokines?

A) They are produced by B cells.
B) They inhibit macrophage activity.
C) Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.
D) They are produced by helper T cells.

Question 39

The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called:

A) pathogens.
B) lymphokines.
C) lymphotoxins.
D) suppressor cells.

Question 40

The part of the antibody that combines with the antigen is the:

A) variable region.
B) constant region.
C) carbohydrate chain.
D) complement-binding site.

Question 41

Which is the best explanation of how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?

A) The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
B) The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
C) The white blood cell engulfs the microorganisms and chemotaxis destroys it.
D) The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then diapedesis destroys it.

Question 42

Chris has very bad allergies,especially in the springtime,and is seeking help to overcome her allergic reactions.Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?

A) It would counter the effects of the self-antigen reaction.
B) It would replace the allergen with a different chemical and thus reduce her symptoms.
C) It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen.
D) It would reduce the amount of human leukocyte antigen in her system.

Question 43

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A) The release of chemicals that attract white blood cells
B) The formation of antibodies
C) The increase of blood flow to the inflamed area
D) All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 44

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A) The release of histamine
B) The increase in vascular permeability
C) The stimulation of fibroblast growth
D) All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 45

In the first stage of their development,B cells are known by all the following terms except _____ B cells.

A) effector
B) naïve
C) inactive
D) virgin

Question 46

When a patient starts to have rejection problems with a transplanted organ,the problems are usually caused by:

A) a B cell-mediated condition.
B) human leukocyte antigens (HALs).
C) self-antigens.
D) severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).

Question 47

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called:

A) innate immunity.
B) nonspecific immunity.
C) self-tolerance.
D) adaptive immunity.

Question 48

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)damages the immune system by _____ cells.

A) invading memory
B) invading T
C) overproduction of B
D) overproduction of plasma

Question 49

Which substance produced by the skin contains pathogen-inhibiting agents?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 50

Adaptive immunity is also called _____ immunity.

A) innate
B) specific
C) nonspecific
D) species

Question 51

Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox.Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon.What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?

A) It would stop the virus from traveling over the sensory nerve of a single dermatome.
B) It would cause an increase in white blood cells.
C) It would inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing.
D) It would assist in the development of lymphocytes in the spleen.

Question 52

When an antigen attaches to a naïve B cell,it becomes a(n)_____ cell.

A) memory
B) plasma
C) effector B
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 53

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a(n):

A) B cell-mediated condition.
B) T cell-mediated condition.
C) autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.
D) isoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

Question 54

Which substance can destroy pathogens by chemically hydrolyzing them?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 55

If a blood test indicated that a person had a high level of IgM antibodies in the blood,it could be concluded that:

A) the person's body is responding to a re-exposure to an antigen.
B) the person's body is responding to the initial exposure to an antigen.
C) the person has an increasing likelihood that he will become allergic to an antigen.
D) no conclusions could be made.

Question 56

Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 57

Which of the following is not caused by complement protein activity?

A) Vasodilation
B) Agglutination of antigens
C) Cytolysis
D) All of the above are caused by complement protein activity.

Question 58

Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection?

A) The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.
B) Because rejection is caused by an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens, giving immune suppression drugs would reduce this effect.
C) Rejection involves antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE triggered by repeated exposure to an allergen, so immune suppression drugs would reduce the reaction to the allergen, which in this case is the transplanted organ.
D) Delayed allergic response occurs with transplanted organs, so immune suppressive drugs would reduce the allergic response and decrease rejection.

Question 59

Which is the best explanation of how complement-a group of about 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma and on cell surfaces-is activated and produces cytolysis?

A) Complement is "turned on" by the presence of bacteria.
B) Complement is activated by antibodies to "drill a hole" into foreign cells, thus causing cytolysis.
C) Complement causes vasoconstriction and inhibits phagocytosis.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 60

Why is it difficult to predict the total number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)cases that will result from known HIV-infected patients?

A) After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years.
B) The current treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alters the infected cells.
C) Infected cells begin to change only after azidothymidine (AZT) treatment is started.
D) So many people have received the vaccine that there is no way to count who actually has the infection.

Question 61

Match each type of specific immunity with its description or example.a.Natural active immunity
b.Natural passive immunity
c.Artificial active immunity
d.Artificial passive immunity
after exposure to hepatitis A,a person is given a gamma globulin (IgG)shot to keep him from getting hepatitis

Question 62

Match each antibody class with its description, function, or location.
a.IgG
b.IgM
c.IgD
d.IgE
e.IgA
predominant class of antibody produced in the secondary response to an antigen

Question 63

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
lymphocyte that attacks pathogens directly

Question 64

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen

Question 65

Steven had mumps as a child.Why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus?

A) He had an injection with weakened virus shortly before he was exposed.
B) He had natural passive immunity to ward off the virus.
C) He had artificial passive immunity that he received from his brother after he had the mumps.
D) He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

Question 66

Match each antibody class with its description, function, or location.
a.IgG
b.IgM
c.IgD
d.IgE
e.IgA
antibody whose precise function is not yet known

Question 67

Match each type of specific immunity with its description or example.a.Natural active immunity
b.Natural passive immunity
c.Artificial active immunity
d.Artificial passive immunity
a person gets a flu shot to keep from getting the flu

Question 68

Match each type of specific immunity with its description or example.a.Natural active immunity
b.Natural passive immunity
c.Artificial active immunity
d.Artificial passive immunity
a mother passes antibodies to her baby

Question 69

Match each antibody class with its description, function, or location.
a.IgG
b.IgM
c.IgD
d.IgE
e.IgA
the predominant class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen

Question 70

Match each antibody class with its description, function, or location.
a.IgG
b.IgM
c.IgD
d.IgE
e.IgA
antibody that is found in tears and saliva

Question 71

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
protein produced by the immune system to interfere with the ability of viruses to cause disease

Question 72

Match each type of specific immunity with its description or example.a.Natural active immunity
b.Natural passive immunity
c.Artificial active immunity
d.Artificial passive immunity
a person has had the mumps and is protected from getting them again

Question 73

Match each antibody class with its description, function, or location.
a.IgG
b.IgM
c.IgD
d.IgE
e.IgA
antibody that is associated with allergies

Question 74

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
lymphocyte that produces antibodies that attack pathogens or direct other cells to attack them

Question 75

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles

Question 76

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
phagocytic monocyte (nongranular WBC)in the immune system

Question 77

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
mechanisms that provide specific protection against types of bacteria or toxins

Question 78

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
mechanisms that resist a variety of threatening agents or conditions

Question 79

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Specific immunity
c.Macrophage
d.Antibody
e.B cell
f.Nonspecific immunity
g.Antigen
h.T cell
i.Interferon
macromolecule that induces the immune system to produce antibodies

Question 80

Explain how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism.