Deck 27: B: Physiology of the Respiratory System

Question 1

Boyle law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature.

A) directly; constant
B) inversely; constant
C) directly; constantly changing
D) inversely; constantly changing

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture.

A) inversely related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and
B) directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and
C) directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and inversely related
D) inversely related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and directly related

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Labored or difficult breathing is known as:

A) apnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) dyspnea.
D) eupnea.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure:

A) inspiration occurs.
B) expiration occurs.
C) lung tissue has collapsed.
D) the bronchioles are obstructed.

Question 5

Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute?

A) The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
B) Alveolar ventilation
C) The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood
D) All of the above help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute.

Question 6

The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is:

A) inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) residual volume.

Question 7

Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg.

A) 650
B) 700
C) 760
D) 800

Question 8

Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea,and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure?

A) Hyperpnea
B) Dyspnea
C) Biot's breathing
D) Eupnea

Question 9

Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause:

A) increased residual volume.
B) decreased vital capacity.
C) increased functional reserve volume.
D) decreased tidal volume.

Question 10

If a person were skiing high up in the mountains,she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood).This is because the:

A) thoracic cavity has a difficult time lowering the internal pressure below the lower atmospheric pressure.
B) lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less.
C) lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is greater.
D) physiological dead air space increases and atmospheric pressure decreases.

Question 11

Normal,quiet breathing is known as:

A) orthopnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) dyspnea.
D) eupnea.

Question 12

Which of the following constitutes total lung volume?

A) Residual volume and vital capacity
B) Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
C) Residual volume and tidal volume
D) Vital capacity and tidal volume

Question 13

Which muscles are used for forced expiration?

A) Sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles
B) Sternocleidomastoid and intercostals
C) External intercostals and pectoralis muscles
D) Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 14

The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg.

A) 23
B) 160
C) 300
D) 590

Question 15

The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the:

A) inspiratory capacity and the residual volume.
B) inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
C) tidal volume, residual volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
D) inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory capacity.

Question 16

Vital capacity is defined as the:

A) maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration.
B) volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal inspiration.
C) volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled at the end of a normal expiration.
D) total volume of air contained in the respiratory passages.

Question 17

If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml,then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Question 18

Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system?

A) Transport of gases
B) Gas exchange in lungs and tissue
C) Control of cell metabolism rate
D) Pulmonary ventilation

Question 19

A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is:

A) dyspnea.
B) apnea.
C) Biot breathing.
D) Cheyne-Stokes respiration.

Question 20

During inspiration,the expansion of the lungs causes:

A) cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura.
B) a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere.
C) a decrease in alveolar pressure.
D) an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about -6 to -4 mm Hg.

Question 21

Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate?

A) Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2
B) Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, decreased PO2
C) Decreased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, increased PO2
D) Decreased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2

Question 22

Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A) Increased PO2
B) Decreased PCO2
C) Decreased PO2 and decreased PCO2
D) Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2

Question 23

One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 24

Alveolar ventilation is inspired air minus:

A) anatomical dead air space.
B) tidal volume.
C) reserve volume.
D) residual volume.

Question 25

The symbol HbNCOOH- is used for:

A) carbonic anhydrase.
B) carbaminohemoglobin.
C) the heme group.
D) the bicarbonate ion.

Question 26

A drop in the body's production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of:

A) carbonic acid.
B) oxyhemoglobin.
C) carbaminohemoglobin.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 27

Which muscle is not used in quiet inspiration?

A) Serratus anterior
B) External intercostal muscles
C) Diaphragm
D) Neither A nor B

Question 28

A sudden rise in arterial blood pressure will:

A) cause a reflex increase in rate and depth of respirations.
B) cause a reflex slowing of respirations.
C) have no effect on respirations because of the control mechanisms in the cerebral cortex.
D) cause an immediate decrease in respirations followed by a prolonged period of rapid and shallow respirations.

Question 29

The PCO₂ in the atmosphere is:

A) less than in the alveolar air.
B) greater than in the alveolar air.
C) equal to the alveolar air.
D) greater than arterial blood.

Question 30

The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the pre-inspiration volume is called:

A) compliance.
B) elastic recoil.
C) expiration.
D) ventilation.

Question 31

If the tidal volume were 600 ml,the alveolar ventilation would be about _____ ml.

A) 550
B) 400
C) 300
D) 250

Question 32

The PCO₂ in alveolar air is _____ blood.

A) less than in the systemic venous
B) greater than in the systemic venous
C) equal to the systemic arterial
D) Both A and C are correct.

Question 33

Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood.Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried,the sequence would be:

A) dissolved in the plasma, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ion.
B) carbaminohemoglobin, bicarbonate ion, and dissolved in plasma.
C) bicarbonate ion, dissolved in plasma, and carbaminohemoglobin.
D) bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma.

Question 34

The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is:

A) in solution.
B) as bicarbonate ions.
C) as carbaminohemoglobin.
D) none of the above.

Question 35

Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution?

A) Dalton
B) Henry
C) Boyle
D) Charles

Question 36

Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood?

A) As oxyhemoglobin
B) Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
C) Dissolved in the plasma
D) All of the above are used to transport oxygen in the blood.

Question 37

Which of the following will cause brief apnea?

A) Sudden painful stimulus
B) Increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
C) Sudden cold stimulus applied to the skin
D) Both A and C

Question 38

Which muscle is used in quiet expiration?

A) Internal intercostals
B) External intercostals
C) Abdominal muscles
D) None of the above

Question 39

The amount of air left in the lung after a normal expiration is called:

A) anatomical dead air space.
B) physiological dead air space.
C) functional residual capacity.
D) vital capacity.

Question 40

By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart,what percentage of the blood's hemoglobin has united with oxygen?

A) 55%
B) 63%
C) 82%
D) 97%

Question 41

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
cycles of gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume

Question 42

Why would a collapsed right lung,due to a pneumothorax,also collapse the left lung?

A) The mediastinum is a mobile rather than a rigid partition between the two pleural sacs, thereby allowing the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and other mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.
B) Subatmospheric pressure increases from its normal level and thereby moves from high pressure area (right lung) to low pressure area (left lung).
C) When intrathoracic pressure increases, the mediastinum softens and thereby allows the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.
D) Intrathoracic pressure increases from its subatmospheric level to an atmospheric level, thereby allowing the pressure within the chest to increase in proportion to the volume of the thorax.

Question 43

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many carbon dioxide molecules?

A) Two
B) Four
C) Eight
D) Hemoglobin cannot carry carbon dioxide molecules.

Question 44

If anything decreases alveolar PO₂,how does that affect the alveolar-blood oxygen pressure gradient?

A) Anything that decreases alveolar PO2 tends to increase the alveolar-blood oxygen pressure gradient and, therefore, tends to increase the amount of oxygen entering the blood.
B) Anything that decreases alveolar PO2 tends to decrease the alveolar-blood oxygen pressure gradient and, therefore, tends to decrease the amount of oxygen entering the blood.
C) Anything that decreases alveolar PO2 tends to increase the alveolar-blood diffusion rate and, therefore, tends to increase the amount of oxygen entering the blood.
D) Anything that decreases PO2 tends to increase arterial-blood PO2 and, therefore, tends to decrease the amount of oxygen entering the blood.

Question 45

Which explains the relationship between the gas pressure gradient of the atmosphere and the alveolar air that allows inhalation?

A) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
B) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lungs, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
C) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lung, air flows away from this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.
D) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows up this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.

Question 46

The inspiratory center is located in what part of the nervous system?

A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebrum

Question 47

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
decrease in pulmonary ventilation that results in elevated blood levels of carbon dioxide

Question 48

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
normal,quiet breathing

Question 49

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen molecules?

A) One
B) Two
C) Four
D) Eight

Question 50

The apneustic center is located in what part of the nervous system?

A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebrum

Question 51

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing at the end of a normal expiration

Question 52

Internal respiration can be defined as:

A) the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung.
B) pulmonary ventilation.
C) the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissues cells.
D) both A and B.

Question 53

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
an increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of the need for oxygen

Question 54

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
labored or difficult breathing; often associated with hypoventilation

Question 55

Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise?

A) Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate.
B) Decreased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause a decrease in respiration rate.
C) Exercise causes a decrease in cellular respiration by shifting peripheral chemoreceptors in the heart to cause retention of oxygen.
D) Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a decrease in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause a decrease in respiration rate.

Question 56

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
cessation of breathing in the inspiratory position

Question 57

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
increased breathing that is regulated to meet an increased demand by the body for oxygen

Question 58

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea; indicates increased intracranial pressure

Question 59

External respiration can be defined as:

A) the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung.
B) pulmonary ventilation.
C) the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells.
D) both A and B.

Question 60

Match each type of breathing with its corresponding definition.
a.Dyspnea
b.Cheyne-Stokes respiration
c.Eupnea
d.Hypoventilation
e.Biot breathing
f.Hyperventilation
g.Hyperpnea
h.Orthopnea
i.Apneusis
j.Apnea
dyspnea while lying down

Question 61

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
typical volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during normal,quiet breathing

Question 62

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
amount of air that cannot be forcibly expired and is trapped in the lung

Question 63

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
air that would be trapped inside a collapsed lung

Question 64

Explain Dalton law as it relates to the movement of oxygen from the lungs into the circulatory system.

Question 65

Explain the terms ventilation and perfusion.Explain how they must work together to allow efficient gas exchange in the lung.

Question 66

The structural designs of alveoli and capillaries in lung tissue are such that they facilitate oxygen diffusion.List examples that support the concept that structure determines function.

Question 67

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
volume of air equal to IRV + ERV + TV

Question 68

Explain the process by which carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.

Question 69

Identify the major factors that help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute.

Question 70

Explain the mechanical process of breathing.Include in your discussion (1)any changes in volumes and pressures and the resulting effects,(2)muscles used for inspiration,and (3)muscles used for expiration.

Question 71

Explain the diving reflex.

Question 72

Explain the process by which oxygen is transported by the blood.

Question 73

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
the largest amount of air that can be inspired after tidal inspiration

Question 74

Identify and describe four nonrespiratory breathing reflexes.

Question 75

Match each pulmonary volume with its corresponding description or definition.
a.Tidal volume
b.Vital capacity
c.Inspiratory reserve volume
d.Expiratory reserve volume
e.Residual volume
f.Minimal air
largest additional volume of air that can be expired after tidal volume

Question 76

Name and explain the pulmonary volumes and capacities.Which of these increase and decrease as a person moves from normal breathing to forceful inspiration and expiration?

Question 77

Define pneumothorax,and discuss its potential effect on respiration.

Question 78

Briefly describe and diagram the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

Question 79

Steve used a spirometer to analyze his respiratory capacities.He found the following results:
A. After normal inspiration,a normal expiration was 500 ml.
B. After a normal expiration,he was able to expel an additional 1000 ml.
C. Taking as deep a breath as possible,then forcefully exhaling all the air possible,he yielded an output of 4500 ml.
Based on the outcome of these measurements,what is Steve's inspiratory reserve?

Question 80

Explain why less oxygen would enter the blood at a high altitude than would enter the blood at sea level.