Deck 18: Endocrine System

Question 1

The anterior pituitary gland can be either stimulated to release hormones or inhibited from releasing hormones by secretions from the hypothalamus.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The control of hormone secretion is usually a positive feedback loop.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The endocrine system functions at a much greater speed than the nervous system.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In comparison with the nervous system,the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are rapidly apparent,but short-lived.

Question 5

Both the endocrine and nervous systems exhibit control via regulatory feedback loops.

Question 6

The "lock-and-key" mechanism allows hormones to bind only with target cells that have receptors that "fit" them exactly.

Question 7

Protein hormones,glycoprotein hormones,and peptide hormones all contain amino acids.

Question 8

Input from the nervous system influences secretion of some hormones.

Question 9

All nonsteroid hormones operate according to the second messenger model.

Question 10

The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are neurotransmitters.

Question 11

Endocrine glands release their hormones into ducts that eventually empty into the circulatory system.

Question 12

The general effect of hormones is to produce regulatory changes within the target cell.

Question 13

Chemically,steroid hormones are derived from the cholesterol molecule.

Question 14

The endocrine system can regulate most cells in the body.

Question 15

The amino acid tyrosine is used to produce epinephrine and the hormones made in the thymus gland.

Question 16

Short feedback loops tend to minimize wide fluctuations in hormone secretion rates.

Question 17

The most widely used method of hormone classification is by location in the body.

Question 18

Norepinephrine can be considered a neurotransmitter or a hormone,depending on what releases it and how far it must travel to reach a receptor.

Question 19

Hormones can be classified based on their chemical structure or their function.

Question 20

Most hormones are highly specific in their action.

Question 21

Both steroid and nonsteroid hormones produce their effects by increasing the number of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions.

Question 22

The endocrine system is considered a very efficient system because virtually every hormone molecule produced finds its target cell receptor.

Question 23

Hormones are synergistic if they have opposite effects on the target cell.

Question 24

Up-regulating and down-regulating hormone receptor proteins on the membrane of a target cell will change its sensitivity to a hormone.

Question 25

Protein hormones that contain lipid molecules can be classified as glycoprotein hormones.

Question 26

Both synergism and permissiveness can increase the effect of a hormone.

Question 27

Two specific prostaglandins are thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

Question 28

Cells make prostaglandins by breaking apart triglyceride molecules.

Question 29

In areas of the body where circulation is poor,hormones are carried by small ducts called hormone channels.

Question 30

The cAMP system,the inositol triphosphate (IP₃)system,and the mobile-receptor system are second messenger systems used by nonsteroid hormones.

Question 31

In terms of affecting hormone action,synergism and permissiveness mean the same thing.

Question 32

The name prostaglandin comes from the prostate gland.

Question 33

The target organs for tropic hormones are usually other endocrine glands.

Question 34

Thromboxanes and leukotrienes can be called tissue hormones.

Question 35

Most cells in the body can respond to many different types of hormones.

Question 36

Hormones that are antagonistic to each other are able to "fine tune" the activity of the target cell with great accuracy.

Question 37

The specific role of cAMP is to activate kinases.

Question 38

Steroid hormones frequently travel in the bloodstream attached to soluble plasma proteins.

Question 39

Aspirin and ibuprofen produce some of their effects by inhibiting PGA synthesis.

Question 40

Prostaglandins are lipid substances derived from cholesterol.

Question 41

A list of the nonsteroid hormones from largest to smallest would read protein hormones,amino acid derivative hormones,and peptide hormones.

Question 42

If a small amount of hormone produced a disproportionately great response in a cell,the hormone was most likely a nonsteroid hormone.

Question 43

Cells either have receptors for neurotransmitters and respond to the nervous system or have hormone receptors and respond to the endocrine system,but not both.

Question 44

A hormone that stimulates the salivary glands (exocrine glands)would be a tropic hormone.

Question 45

Both the endocrine system and nervous system are important in regulation of body function.

Question 46

The target cell in the endocrine system is similar to the postganglionic neuron in the nervous system because they both have receptors that respond to the presence of a chemical.

Question 47

Many endocrine glands are made of epithelial tissue.

Question 48

Endocrine glands are located either in the head or the neck.

Question 49

A hormone is able to stimulate more cells than a neurotransmitter.

Question 50

The fixed-membrane-receptor model is used in describing the action of nonsteroid hormones.

Question 51

With a steroid hormone,the amount of hormone is directly related to the magnitude of the response in the target cell.

Question 52

Examples of nonsteroid hormones are insulin,oxytocin,and epinephrine.

Question 53

Examples of steroid hormones are cortisol,aldosterone,and testosterone.

Question 54

The nuclear-receptor model is used in describing the action of steroid hormones.

Question 55

Some endocrine glands are actually made of nervous tissue.

Question 56

Some cases of hormone deficiency can be traced to an obstruction in the duct through which the hormone must pass.

Question 57

One outcome of a nonsteroid hormone would be the synthesis of a specific enzyme.

Question 58

If the cellular response to a hormone caused an increase in RNA synthesis,the hormone most likely was a steroid hormone.

Question 59

The release of a hormone by a gland is called signal transduction.

Question 60

Autocrine hormones have to travel further to reach their target cell than do paracrine hormones.

Question 61

Hormones may be:

A) steroids.
B) peptides.
C) glycoproteins.
D) all of the above.

Question 62

Thyroid hormones are nonsteroid hormones but act more like steroid hormones when they reach their target cells.

Question 63

Because most cells secrete prostaglandins,there is usually a fairly high concentration of prostaglandins in the blood.

Question 64

Steroids are able to pass easily through a target cell's plasma membrane because they are:

A) synthesized from amino acids.
B) synthesized from carbohydrates.
C) lipid-soluble.
D) synthesized from nucleic acids.

Question 65

Some nonsteroid hormones attach to cell membrane sodium channels causing them to open and allowing an influx of sodium into the cell.

Question 66

In nonsteroid hormones,the hormone itself is the first messenger.

Question 67

The number of hormone receptors a cell has remains constant throughout the life of the cell.

Question 68

The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is:

A) joining with the G protein on the cell membrane.
B) protein kinases activate other enzymes.
C) adenyl cyclase is activated.
D) cAMP is formed.

Question 69

Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the neck?

A) Pineal
B) Pituitary
C) Thymus
D) Thyroid

Question 70

All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except:

A) oxytocin.
B) calcitonin.
C) cortisol.
D) glucagon.

Question 71

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

A) Chemical messenger travels a short distance.
B) Effector tissues include virtually all tissues.
C) Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell.
D) All of the above are characteristics of the endocrine system.

Question 72

Parathyroid hormone reflexively increases secretion of parathyroid hormone in response to an increase in blood calcium levels.

Question 73

Responses that result from endocrine feedback loops are called endocrine reflexes.

Question 74

When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect,the phenomenon is called:

A) synergism.
B) permissiveness.
C) antagonism.
D) augmentation.

Question 75

Tropic hormones:

A) target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
B) target reproductive tissues.
C) stimulate anabolism in their target cells.
D) do all of the above.

Question 76

Steroid hormones tend to generate a rapid response in their target cells.

Question 77

In comparison with the nervous system,the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are:

A) rapid to appear but short-lived.
B) slow to appear but long-lasting.
C) rapid to appear and long-lasting.
D) slow to appear and short-lived.

Question 78

Some nonsteroid hormones do not use a second messenger but are taken into the cell by endocytosis and act directly on their target cells.

Question 79

There are 16 structural classes of prostaglandins,classes A though P.

Question 80

Endocrine glands may be made up of:

A) glandular epithelium.
B) neurosecretory tissue.
C) ducts leading to major arteries
D) both A and B.