Deck 8: Cognition, language, and Intelligence

Question 1

 Psychologists conduct image scanning studies in order to better understand ____.​ 

A)creativity and problem solving
B)insight
C)knowledge
D)mental representations

Answer 1

mental representations

Question 2

 According to cognitive researchers,when you see your friend's new car and then later recall what the car looked like,the stored image you are recalling is ____.​ 

A)an exact copy of the sensory image that was sent to your visual cortex from your retina
B)a mixture of pictorial and verbal pieces that are based on your actual sensory experience and your general knowledge of cars
C)a language based description of the car without any visual components
D)a digitized visual image consisting of thousands of pixels

Answer 2

a mixture of pictorial and verbal pieces that are based on your actual sensory experience and your general knowledge of cars

Question 3

 Regarding the categories we use to organize our knowledge,superordinate categories are ____ and subordinate categories are ____.​ 

A)formal; natural
B)specific; general
C)natural; formal
D)general; specific

Answer 3

general; specific

Question 4

 Image-scanning studies suggest that visual images in our minds are ____.​ 

A)primarily language-based
B)without definite shape or size
C)mental copies of the real stimulus
D)digital rather than analog

Question 5

 Herb is reading about colleges and trying to decide which one is best for him.In psychological terms,Herb is ____.​ 

A)memorizing
B)rehearsing
C)thinking
D)dreaming

Question 6

 Prototypes are most closely associated with which term?​ 

A)basic level categories
B)natural concepts
C)cognitive maps
D)image scanning

Question 7

 Concepts are stored in memory in a ____.​ 

A)verbal form
B)semantic form
C)verbal or semantic form
D)verbal, semantic, or emotional form

Question 8

 Mental images of the world around us seem to consist primarily of both ____.​ 

A)visual images and verbal knowledge
B)abstract concepts, sensory impressions, and images
C)tactile images and emotional responses
D)digital and analog images

Question 9

 Which forms of mental representations have psychologists studied with the most success?​ 

A)emotions and procedures
B)procedures and visual images
C)emotions and concepts
D)visual images and concepts

Question 10

 A mental representation represents objects that ____.​ 

A)are not easily categorized
B)are novel or unfamiliar
C)are of importance to the individual
D)are not present at the time

Question 11

 Research studies using image-scanning show that ____.​ 

A)images of visual stimuli are stored in two dimensions rather than three
B)visual images in our minds have many of the spatial properties of the real stimulus
C)we lack the ability to store in memory mimics of the actual visual images in our minds
D)we scan visual images that are actually more distant faster in our minds

Question 12

 Exemplars are to ____ as prototypes are to ____.​ 

A)elements that stand out; subtle elements
B)actual examples; typical members
C)similarities; differences
D)natural concepts; formal concepts

Question 13

 Thinking is defined in the textbook as the ____.​ 

A)use of knowledge to accomplish some sort of goal
B)unconscious processing of mental symbols
C)process involved in solving problems
D)discovering the relationships between concepts and theories

Question 14

 Natural concepts ____.​ 

A)have fuzzy boundaries
B)are usually learned formally
C)usually use rigid rules to define their elements
D)are typically universally held by all people

Question 15

 In a study conducted by Stephen Kosslyn,subjects memorized a map and then were asked to mentally scan the path of an imaginary dot as it traveled from one point to another point on the map.The results showed that ____.​ 

A)when the distance traveled by the dot was further, the time it took to scan the distance was longer
B)shorter distances were scanned easily, but longer distances could not be scanned
C)regardless of the distance traveled by the dot, the scanning time was approximately five seconds
D)regardless of the distance traveled by the dot, the scanning time was instantaneous

Question 16

 Timmy's geography teacher gives the class a pop quiz in which he asks the class to draw a map of North America,which they learned about in the previous day's lesson.Knowing what you do about mental representations,how well do you think Timmy would do on this quiz?​ 

A)He will draw a perfect map of North America.
B)He will get some of the details correct, but his map will contain many errors.
C)His map will be so far off that it will not even resemble North America.
D)The U.S. portion of the map will be very accurate, but Canada and Mexico will be distorted.

Question 17

 Knowledge is defined in the textbook as ____.​ 

A)things that we know
B)facts and data that we learn in school
C)information that we store in long-term memory
D)the ability to solve problems and make decisions

Question 18

 When you learn the specific criteria or rules that psychologists use to diagnose attention deficit ​disorder in children,you are learning the ____ involved in this type of diagnosis. 

A)normal concepts
B)structured concepts
C)validated concepts
D)formal concepts

Question 19

 The information you have stored about psychology in your long-term memory represents your ____ base.​ 

A)knowledge
B)representation
C)thinking
D)cognition

Question 20

 When you are trying to retrieve knowledge from your memory to accomplish some goal,you are ____.​ 

A)thinking
B)reasoning
C)representing
D)imagining

Question 21

 In contrast to prototypes,exemplars are ____.​ 

A)abstract
B)not accurate
C)real
D)complex

Question 22

 The concepts we use to aid in our mental representation of our world are ____.​ 

A)inborn in our natural understanding of the world
B)based on visual images of the information they represent
C)organized into hierarchical categories
D)randomly consolidated from our everyday experiences

Question 23

 When Katherine makes a shopping list,she is very specific.Her list includes a 14 ounce can of Big Red diced tomatoes with peppers and onions and an eight-ounce package of Thick-n-Luscious cream cheese.Katherine's list uses ____ categories. 

A)basic level
B)subordinate​
C)superordinate​
D)midordinate​

Question 24

 Concepts are most accurately characterized as ____.​ 

A)peas in a pod
B)mental shorthand
C)carbon copies
D)cognitive norms

Question 25

 Which item belongs in the subordinate category?​ 

A)dog
B)poodle
C)animal
D)mammal

Question 26

 Which item is the best example of a prototype for the category fruit?​ 

A)kiwi
B)tomato
C)apple
D)apricot

Question 27

 If you focused on a concept of something in your mind,your mental representation would most likely center on ____.​ 

A)the specific example of the concept that you have been exposed to the most
B)a generalized image of what the thing does or looks like
C)the specific example of the concept that you desire the most
D)a different concept that could be used as a comparison for the concept in question

Question 28

 Which item is the best example of a basic level category?​ 

A)dog
B)spaniel
C)animal
D)mammal

Question 29

 Which item best illustrates an exemplar for the category fruit?​ 

A)kiwi
B)apricot
C)the apples that grow in your backyard
D)the many varieties of tomatoes

Question 30

 Concepts we store in our long-term memories tend to be organized around the ____ of the information they represent.​ 

A)emotional expression
B)auditory images​
C)tactile images
D)meaning

Question 31

 When most people make shopping lists,they use terms like "apples," "shampoo," or "milk." A list like this is using ____ categories. 

A)basic level
B)subordinate
C)superordinate
D)midordinate

Question 32

 Prototype is to most typical as exemplar is to ____. 

A)least typical
B)most representative​
C)actual instance​
D)ideal example​

Question 33

 When we think about the world,there are three conceptual levels that we use to categorize our knowledge.Typically,our thinking of the world falls within the ____.​ 

A)subordinate category
B)superordinate category
C)basic level category
D)mid-level category

Question 34

 When hanging out with a friend,Gayle mentions that she witnessed an accident recently.  Immediately,you begin to develop a mental image of the cars that were involved in the accident.  Your mental representation would most likely center on ____.​ 

A)the specific car in your experience that you have driven the most
B)a generalized image of what cars look like
C)the specific car that you would most want to own
D)the broad category of all transportation vehicles

Question 35

 When you go to the store in search of a particular brand or style of shoes,you are searching most directly within a ____.​ 

A)superordinate category
B)mid-level category
C)subordinate category
D)basic level category

Question 36

 Pippa is shopping for a wedding gown.She looks at a particularly modern gown and complains that it just does not look like a wedding gown to her.Pippa is most likely comparing the actual gown to her ____ gown. 

A)prototype
B)exemplar
C)superordinate
D)concept

Question 37

 A popular meme suggests that since chocolate grows on trees,it must be a fruit and since fruit is good for you,chocolate must be good for you.This illustrates use of a ____ concept. 

A)formal
B)affective​
C)natural
D)intuitive

Question 38

 What is the most basic level of knowledge that contains the most specific concepts? ​ 

A)superordinate category
B)mid-level category
C)subordinate category
D)basic level category

Question 39

 If you assume that a man is homeless because his hair is messy and his clothes are old and tattered (which fits your concept of a typical homeless person),you are using a(n)____ as the basis for your assumption.​ 

A)sample
B)algorithm
C)phoneme
D)prototype

Question 40

 Marta has heard that making a shopping list will help her save money when shopping,so she decides to try it.Her shopping list includes fruits,veggies,and meat.Marta's list uses ____ categories. 

A)basic level
B)subordinate
C)superordinate
D)midordinate

Question 41

 Divergent thinking most specifically involves ____.​ 

A)algorithms
B)mental sets
C)thinking of many different ideas quickly
D)imagining something that most other people do not

Question 42

 Well-structured problems can be solved through the use of ____.​ 

A)heuristics only
B)algorithms only
C)natural concepts only
D)heuristics or algorithms

Question 43

 With regard to how we acquire the concepts that help to organize our thinking,formal concepts are more likely ____,whereas natural concepts are more likely____.​ 

A)taught; experienced
B)experienced; taught
C)subordinate; superordinate
D)superordinate; subordinate

Question 44

 Determining the number of miles per gallon you got on your last tank of gas by dividing the total mileage since your last fill-up by the number of gallons of gas purchased would be an example of using a(n)____. 

A)heuristic
B)morpheme
C)overextension
D)algorithm

Question 45

 Divergent thinking is most closely associated with which of the following?​ 

A)creativity
B)deductive reasoning
C)algorithms
D)natural concepts

Question 46

 Katherine is shopping for a wedding gown and is on a tight budget.She prints off a picture of her dream dress and has all her friends and family looking for a similar gown.Katherine is using the picture as a(n)____. 

A)prototype
B)superordinate
C)concept
D)exemplar

Question 47

 Which statement is TRUE with regard to problem solving?​ 

A)Guessing and trial and error are not types of heuristics.
B)Algorithms are always the best way to solve problems.
C)Ill-structured problems do not have clear algorithms.
D)Culture does not influence the approach we take to solve problems.

Question 48

 What is the best example of a well-structured problem?​ 

A)balancing your checkbook
B)finding the best layout for the furniture in your apartment
C)choosing the right outfit to wear on your next date
D)deciding what to major in at college

Question 49

 Cooking without using strict measurements,but relying upon past experience and cooking wisdom to determine the correct proportions of ingredients,is an example of using a(n)____ 

A)prototype
B)heuristic
C)underextension
D)algorithm

Question 50

 Which statement is TRUE of insight?​ 

A)Insight is problem solving without any effort or deep thinking.
B)Insight is sometimes referred to as an "Aha!" experience.
C)Insight rarely requires formal knowledge or training.
D)Insight typically results in an incorrect solution.

Question 51

 Which item belongs to the superordinate category?​ 

A)dog
B)spaniel
C)animal
D)camel

Question 52

 Insight usually ____.​ 

A)occurs without any effort
B)leads to incorrect solutions
C)takes much thought and knowledge
D)requires the use of algorithms

Question 53

 In determining the perfect suit to wear to a job interview,you will likely use a(n)____.​ 

A)heuristic
B)algorithm
C)well-structured solution
D)heuristic and algorithm

Question 54

 Many students are surprised to learn that the idea they had of a tomato being a vegetable is different from what they learn to be the true botanical definition of a tomato as actually a fruit.The students' prior idea that they learned outside of the classroom would be a good example of a(n)____.​ 

A)formal concept
B)natural concept
C)empirical concept
D)subordinate concept

Question 55

 Jason is playing a computer game and just cannot seem to solve a particular problem.He gets frustrated,so he just keeps guessing over and over and over.Jason is using a(n)____.​ 

A)construct
B)concept
C)heuristic
D)algorithm

Question 56

 Algorithms can thought of as "____" as heuristics can be thought of as "____".​ 

A)always correct; may not be correct
B)a quick process; a slow process
C)ill-structured; well-structured
D)insightful; procedures

Question 57

 What is most likely to interfere with creativity?​ 

A)natural concepts
B)functional fixedness
C)divergent thinking
D)inductive reasoning

Question 58

 Well-structured problems are to ____ as ill-structured problems are to ____.​ 

A)heuristics; algorithms
B)natural concepts; formal concepts
C)clear solutions; unclear solutions
D)inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning

Question 59

 If a problem has a clear pathway to a solution,then it is considered a(n)____.​ 

A)ill-structured problem
B)well-structured problem
C)prototypical problem
D)algorithmic problem

Question 60

 After struggling with and thinking for several days about the approach you should take in your research paper,you suddenly determine a successful approach.This is most correctly called ____.​ 

A)a heuristic
B)an algorithm
C)insight
D)creativity

Question 61

 A well-structured problem is best described as one that ____. 

A)requires the use of heuristics
B)is an "either-or" situation
C)has many possible solutions
D)has a clear path to the solution

Question 62

 Viewing a pencil as only a writing instrument is an example of ____.​ 

A)functional fixedness
B)a mental set
C)an algorithm
D)a phoneme

Question 63

 Believing that something is true independent of any reasoning process is known as ____.​ 

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)intuition
D)insight

Question 64

 Sarah is taking a test.The first question asks her how many uses she can think of for a beach towel.The next question asks how many ways she could think of to travel from Chicago to Los Angeles.The third question asks how many strategies she can think of to recruit new students to her university.Sarah is probably taking a test to measure her ability in which area?​ 

A)convergent thinking
B)divergent thinking
C)insight
D)intuition

Question 65

 In inductive reasoning,____.​ 

A)a general rule is applied to specific cases
B)heuristics are used to reach a conclusion
C)specific instances are used to discover a general rule
D)algorithms are used to reach a conclusion

Question 66

 One specific way to overcome the obstacle of a mental set when attempting to solve a problem is to ____.​ 

A)try functional fixedness
B)use overextension
C)practice a representative heuristic
D)let it incubate

Question 67

 Henri found 50 different uses for bandage strips in a two-minute time frame.Henri is ____.​ 

A)high in functional fixedness
B)low in functional fixedness
C)stuck in a mental set
D)good at overextension

Question 68

 The first step in problem solving is to ____ the problem. 

A)represent
B)analyze
C)identify
D)reconceptualize

Question 69

 Incubation involves ____.​ 

A)inductive reasoning
B)approaching problems with a solution in mind
C)not thinking about a problem
D)generating multiple solutions to a problem

Question 70

 The final step of problem solving is to ____ the solution. 

A)evaluate
B)identify
C)construct
D)implement

Question 71

 When we ____ a problem,unproductive strategies recede from memory. 

A)analyze
B)reconceptualize
C)differentiate
D)incubate

Question 72

 Hakeem spent three hours trying to solve a physics problem to no avail.Finally,in frustration,he gave up and went to watch TV.To his surprise,while watching TV,Hakeem found that he suddenly knew how to solve the problem.Hakeem seems to have benefited from ____.​ 

A)a mental set
B)functional fixedness
C)incubation
D)an algorithm

Question 73

 Determining that your psychology teacher is very intelligent because she has a doctoral degree from a university would be an example of ____.​ 

A)the availability heuristic
B)inductive reasoning
C)anchoring and adjustment
D)deductive reasoning

Question 74

 What do functional fixedness and mental sets have in common with each other?​ 

A)They facilitate creativity.
B)They aid in the process of incubation.
C)They are examples of heuristics.
D)They are obstacles to problem solving.

Question 75

 Incubation would be most likely to ____.​ 

A)result in functional fixedness
B)help in getting out of a mental set
C)increase the use of natural concepts
D)interfere with creativity

Question 76

 Through the scientific method,psychologists attempt to determine general principles of behavior and mental processes.In this process,psychologists use ____.​ 

A)the availability heuristic
B)inductive reasoning
C)deductive reasoning
D)mental sets

Question 77

 In deductive reasoning,____.​ 

A)a general rule is applied to specific cases
B)heuristics are used to reach a conclusion
C)specific instances are used to discover a general rule
D)algorithms are used to reach a conclusion

Question 78

 Which of the following is an ill-structured problem?​ 

A)deciding how much wallpaper to buy when redecorating your bedroom
B)figuring out how to program your DVR
C)deciding where the best place to eat in town is
D)determining how much soap you need to put in a load of laundry

Question 79

 Joanne always attempts to discipline her child through grounding because it has worked in the past.Lately,it has not been working,but she keeps trying because it always worked before.Joanne has encountered which obstacle to problem solving?​ 

A)functional fixedness
B)an algorithm
C)a mental set
D)underextension

Question 80

 Which example best illustrates creativity?​ 

A)doing library research for a paper
B)devising a new use for a paper clip
C)viewing a painting
D)solving a problem the way others have solved it