Deck 2: Neuroscience

Question 1

 A neuron's axon ____. 

A)is nearly always less than two millimeters in length
B)is usually completely covered in myelin from end-to-end
C)can either by myelinated or unmyelinated
D)usually ends in one "bulb," which physically connects to the next neuron

Answer 1

can either by myelinated or unmyelinated

Question 2

 Without glia cells,your brain would ____. 

A)experience no change in function
B)be forced to communicate more often through the endocrine system
C)repair itself more rapidly than normal in the case of an injury
D)send information more slowly

Answer 2

send information more slowly

Question 3

 Symptoms of multiple sclerosis include ____. 

A)difficulty with voluntary movement
B)abnormally rapid reflexes
C)hypersensitivity to pain
D)exceptionally acute hearing

Answer 3

difficulty with voluntary movement

Question 4

 The information-carrying cells of the nervous system are called ____. 

A)neurons
B)glia cells
C)hormones
D)glands

Question 5

 The action of tying your shoes is most likely to involve the ____ system. 

A)endocrine
B)nervous
C)parasympathetic

Question 6

 Reflexive activity,such as jerking your hand away from a hot stove,is governed by the ____. 

A)rescue system
B)endocrine system
C)nervous system
D)parasympathetic system

Question 7

 Which disease is associated with myelin loss,causing neural impulses to travel around in the brain without reaching to their destinations? 

A)depression
B)Multiple Sclerosis
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 8

 The junction between adjoining neurons is called the ____. 

A)synapse
B)myelin sheath
C)dendrite space
D)cellular gap

Question 9

 Axons are necessary for neurons to be able to ____. 

A)receive neural impulses from other neurons
B)duplicate themselves
C)direct the development of the neuron
D)send neural impulses to other neurons

Question 10

 Axons on neurons in the brain are typically ____. 

A)longer than those in the peripheral nervous system
B)shorter than those in the peripheral nervous system
C)about the same size as those in the peripheral nervous system
D)extremely variable in length, with some being very long and others very short

Question 11

 A neuron's DNA exists within its ____. 

A)cell body
B)dendrites
C)axon
D)axon bulb

Question 12

 Within a single neuron,dendrites are ____ and axon bulbs are ____. 

A)active in communication; active in cell metabolism
B)myelinated; unmyelinated
C)at the beginning; at the end
D)much smaller; much larger

Question 13

 Glia cells ____. 

A)form myelin
B)direct the activity of hormones
C)provide very little benefit to the brain
D)can occasionally function as neurotransmitters

Question 14

 Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding neurons and glia cells in the adult human brain? 

A)Neurons are far more numerous than glia cells.
B)Neurons are more concentrated in the brainstem than glia cells.
C)Neurons and glia cells are about the same in number.
D)Neurons are far less numerous than glia cells.

Question 15

 Myelin ____. 

A)is a type of neurotransmitter
B)disrupts neurological activity
C)is produced by the action potential
D)speeds up neural signals

Question 16

 The part of the neuron that receives signals from other neurons is the ____. 

A)axon
B)dendrite
C)cell body
D)synaptic cleft

Question 17

 Francisco has a disease that is destroying the myelin on his neurons.What effect will this disease most likely have on Francisco? 

A)His brain and spinal cord will completely cease to function.
B)His will be paralyzed on one side of his body but not the other.
C)His neural signals will slow down.
D)His neural signals will speed up.

Question 18

 Dr.Adelman is biological psychologist who is most interested in studying the part of the neuron that receives input from other neurons.  He is most likely to focus on which of the following? 

A)myelin
B)axon bulbs
C)dendrites
D)glia

Question 19

 Which brain structure is involved in the formation of myelin? 

A)neurons
B)glia cells
C)dendrites
D)synapses

Question 20

 The vesicles at the end of an axon contain ____. 

A)sodium (Na+) ions
B)neurotransmitters
C)myelin
D)DNA

Question 21

 If Mary's neurons were never able to achieve a resting potential more positive than -70 millivolts,____. 

A)her action potentials would be very slow
B)she would not be able to generate any action potentials
C)her action potentials would be very inconsistent
D)she would be able to move, but she would not be able to think

Question 22

 A synapse is essentially a(n)____. 

A)gap
B)wire
C)chemical
D)electrical charge

Question 23

 Which of the following axon membrane potentials represents the greatest amount of polarization? 

A)-70 millivolts
B)-45 millivolts
C)0 millivolts
D)5 millivolts

Question 24

 When your teacher is attempting to describe a postsynaptic neuron,she is essentially talking about a neuron that ____. 

A)is myelinated
B)is unmyelinated
C)receives input from another neuron
D)sends messages to another neuron

Question 25

 If your neurosurgeon were able to take a neuron out of your brain and examine it,she would most likely find that ____. 

A)its axon would be very short
B)it would have two cell bodies
C)it would have more than one axon
D)its cell body would not have any dendrites attached to it

Question 26

 Which of the following is TRUE regarding the resting potential of a neuron? 

A)In mammals it is about -20 millivolts.
B)During its resting state, all ionized particles can move freely into and out of the neuron.
C)The potential is maintained by high concentrations of magnesium outside the neuron.
D)It can also be referred to as a polarized state.

Question 27

 Unlike the electricity that powers lights,the body's electrochemical energy relies upon ____. 

A)ions
B)alternating current
C)direct current
D)electrons

Question 28

 Each neuron in the brain can potentially synapse with up to ____ other neuron(s). 

A)1
B)10
C)1,000
D)10,000

Question 29

 Neurotransmitters are most analogous to ____. 

A)managers making decisions
B)mail carriers delivering mail
C)receptionists taking phone calls
D)doctors helping to repair physical problems

Question 30

 When the inside of the axon has a greater negative charge than the outside,it is safe to conclude that ____. 

A)an action potential is not being generated in that part of the axon
B)the axon is depolarized
C)there is an especially large concentration of Na+ ions inside the axon
D)an action potential is being generated in that part of the axon

Question 31

 When neurotransmitters bind with receptor sites,what is the essential event that eventually causes the postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential? 

A)the creation of myelin sheathing
B)the flooding of sodium (Na+) into the cell
C)the removal of anions from the cell
D)the generation of electrical current in the dendrites

Question 32

 If Clark had no ions in his nervous system,____. 

A)his action potentials would be faster
B)his action potentials would be slower
C)he would not be able to generate any action potentials
D)he would be able to move, but he would not be able to think

Question 33

 If you needed to explain to your friend what the synapse is,what would you say? 

A)A synapse is the part of the neuron that receives incoming signals and initiates the action potential.
B)A synapse is the tiny gap between the axon bulb of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
C)A synapse is the insulation on the outside of the neuron.
D)A synapse is the structure on axons that stores and releases neurotransmitters.

Question 34

 The action potential is directly created when ____. 

A)vesicles in the axon release neurotransmitters
B)myelin is produced by the cell body
C)sodium (Na+) ions flood into the axon
D)DNA is released into the synapse

Question 35

 You are a neurosurgeon performing surgery on a 50-year-old man.When you insert an electrode into the axon of one of his neurons while it is not receiving or sending information,what voltage should you record with your instruments? 

A)55mv
B)-55mv
C)70mv
D)-70mv

Question 36

 Receptor sites for communication among neurons exist on ____. 

A)sodium ions
B)neurotransmitters
C)dendrites
D)myelin

Question 37

 There are many more neural connections in the brain than the number of neurons because ____. 

A)each neuron can synapse with many other neurons
B)neural connections also occur between glia cells
C)all that is needed for a neural connection is two different types of brain material
D)any two neurons can communicate in both directions across the same synapse

Question 38

 If you wanted to trace the flow of information through a single neuron,you would have to start at the____,go through the ____,and end at the ____. 

A)dendrites; medulla; dendrites
B)axon hillock; axon bulb; dendrites
C)dendrites; axon; axon bulb
D)axon bulb; brain stem; dendrites

Question 39

 The branchlike structures on the heads of neurons that receive signals from other neurons are called ____. 

A)dendrites
B)myelin sheaths
C)axon hillocks
D)synapses

Question 40

 Which statement is most correct about the complexity of neurological processes in the brain? 

A)Neurological processes are actually very simple, with just a few activities happening one right after another repeatedly.
B)Neurological processes are not understood at all, given our current knowledge base.
C)Neurological processes are totally understood now that we have the technology to observe them.
D)Neurological processes are very complex, with many activities happening at the same time.

Question 41

 Suppose you take a drug that indirectly causes potassium (K+)to leave your postsynaptic neurons.What effect would the drug have? 

A)excitatory
B)inhibitory
C)hallucinogenic
D)sedative

Question 42

 Excitation causes a postsynaptic cell to ____. 

A)become more negative in its resting potential
B)become more positive in its resting potential
C)move further away from the threshold of an action potential
D)become more neutral in its resting potential

Question 43

 How do neurotransmitters "communicate" with postsynaptic neurons? 

A)Like a "key fitting into a lock," they bind with corresponding receptor sites on dendrites of the neuron.
B)Like "water over a dam," they build up until they flood into the next neuron through sheer force.
C)Like a "hot knife through butter," they easily penetrate right into the cell body through the dendrites.
D)Like "throwing darts," they are propelled across the synapse and communicate with the neuron wherever they land.

Question 44

 Which phrase best describes how the action potential occurs? 

A)​"all or none"
B)"slow but sure"
C)"speed equals intensity"
D)"all for one, and one for all"

Question 45

 The refractory period is the ____. 

A)time it takes to fire an action potential
B)period of time that neurotransmitters are active within the synapse
C)time during which a neuron is restoring its resting potential after an action potential has been fired
D)the total period of time it takes for a neuron to receive information from one neuron and transmit it to another one

Question 46

 An axon that has a -55mv electric potential across its membrane ____. 

A)probably does not have any myelin sheathing
B)is going to fire an action potential
C)has a very large concentration of Na+ ions inside the axon
D)has just released several neurotransmitters

Question 47

 The refractory period occurs ____. 

A)during the night when our neurons are at rest
B)only when inhibitory neurotransmitters are released
C)between action potentials
D)as the cell begins to depolarize

Question 48

 In mammals,the threshold of excitation is about ____. 

A)55mv
B)-70mv
C)-55mv
D)70mv

Question 49

 A neuron firing an action potential is most like a person ____. 

A)driving a car
B)playing basketball
C)firing a gun
D)running down the road

Question 50

 Suppose you have a neurological problem that could be fixed by increasing the likelihood that your neurons will fire action potentials.Your doctor may prescribe a drug that has what type of effect? 

A)impulsive
B)binding
C)excitatory
D)inhibitory

Question 51

 Once an action potential reaches the end of the axon,how does the information usually get to the next neuron? 

A)The action potential jumps across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron in the form of an electrical impulse.
B)Myelin acts as a bridge to transport it across the synaptic cleft.
C)Potassium ions (K+) move back and forth between neurons to carry the information across.
D)Vesicles at the end of the axon release neurotransmitters which float across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron.

Question 52

 If you were to inject sodium (Na+)into a neuron in a rat's brain,what effect would it have on the neuron? 

A)It would make the neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
B)It would make the neuron less likely to fire an action potential.
C)It would prevent the neuron from firing action potentials.
D)It would make the neuron fire action potentials that travel more slowly than normal.

Question 53

 When neurotransmitters are being released by a presynaptic neuron into the synapse,it is because ____. 

A)the neuron is in a refractory period
B)there is a large concentration of Na+ ions outside of the presynaptic axon
C)action potentials have occurred in the postsynaptic neuron
D)action potentials have occurred in the presynaptic neuron

Question 54

 Potassium ions (K+)will continue to leave the neuron until the neuron's ____. 

A)resting potential is depleted
B)threshold of excitation is stimulated again
C)resting potential is restored
D)resting potential is positive

Question 55

 Rick is given a medication that makes his neurons more positive in their resting potential.What effect will this most likely have on Rick's nervous system? 

A)He will have more excitation in his nervous system.
B)He will have more inhibition in his nervous system.
C)He will have less excitation in his nervous system.
D)This drug will not affect the functioning of Rick's nervous system.

Question 56

 If after firing once,Michal's neurons did not return to their resting potential,her neurons would be ____. 

A)unable to fire again
B)able to fire more rapidly than normal
C)seriously damaged from lack of rest
D)totally normal

Question 57

 An action potential is a ____. 

A)chemical imbalance
B)possible activity
C)reflex movement
D)neural impulse

Question 58

 As one of Wilbur's neurons fires an action potential,the charge inside the neuron becomes ____. 

A)negative
B)positive
C)stable
D)unpredictable

Question 59

 Why is it important for potassium ions (K+)to move out of the axon once an action potential has been fired? 

A)Because their continued presence would be damaging to the tissues of the axon
B)So that the neuron will have the ability to generate another action potential
C)Because of the required binding with potassium (K+) to activate the refractory period
D)In order to create a more negative charge outside rather than inside the neuron

Question 60

 -70 millivolts is to ____ as -55 millivolts is to ____. 

A)resting potential; threshold of excitation
B)threshold of excitation; resting potential
C)home electrical capacity; the body's electrical capacity
D)the body's electrical capacity; home electrical capacity

Question 61

 Synapses occur ____. 

A)at any place along a dendrite
B)only at the head of a dendrite
C)only at the tail of a dendriteonly at the tail of a dendriteonly at the tail of a dendrite
D)only at gaps in the myelin sheath

Question 62

 If your teacher required you to learn the names and functions of all the neurotransmitters that researchers have identified,you would have to learn about ____ neurotransmitters. 

A)fewer than 50
B)50 to 75
C)76 to 100
D)more than 100

Question 63

 Reuptake is essential to normal neurological function because it ensures that the ____. 

A)electrical current stays within the synapse
B)right amount of excitation and inhibition occurs
C)speed of action potentials is always at the highest level
D)neuron never enters a resting phase

Question 64

 Each type of neurotransmitter has a specific ____,and each type of receptor site has a specific ____. 

A)configuration; molecular shape
B)molecular shape; configuration
C)inhibitory potential; excitatory potential
D)excitatory potential; inhibitory potential

Question 65

 Marta is injected with a drug that prevents sodium (Na+)from entering into neurons in the part of the brain that controls the movement of the arms.What effect will this drug most likely have on Marta?​ 

A)She will more her arms spasmodically.
B)She will not be able to move her arms.
C)Her arms will be numb, but she will be able to move them.
D)She will likely go into a coma.

Question 66

 Which statement is TRUE regarding the processes of excitation and inhibition? 

A)In order for the body to work normally, neurotransmitters should usually be excitatory.
B)In order for the body to work normally, neurotransmitters should usually be inhibitory.
C)Both inhibitory and excitatory processes are necessary for normal neurological activity.
D)Neither excitatory nor inhibitory processes are good for normal neurological activity.

Question 67

 Charged particles that play an important role in the firing of action potentials in the nervous system are called ____. 

A)hormones
B)transmitters
C)ions
D)precursors

Question 68

 The nucleus of a neuron is contained in the ____. 

A)cell body
B)axons
C)dendrites
D)myelin sheath

Question 69

 Melanie is given an injection of a drug that increases inhibition in her brain.The net effect of this drug will most likely be ____. 

A)neuronal death
B)more action potentials in her brain
C)fewer action potentials in her brain
D)more rapid firing of action potentials

Question 70

 Reuptake describes the ____. 

A)recycling and returning of neurotransmitters to the presynaptic neuron
B)movement of ions back outside the axon after the action potential has been fired
C)process of neurons stretching and then retracting as they communicate with neighboring neurons
D)shrinking of myelin on the axons of neurons

Question 71

 Moving your arm requires ____. 

A)inhibition only
B)excitation only
C)neither inhibition, nor excitation
D)both inhibition and excitation

Question 72

 When a neurotransmitter makes the postsynaptic cell more positive inside,____ has occurred. 

A)inhibition
B)excitation
C)transformation
D)substitution

Question 73

 Elena is given a drug that moves the resting potential of her neurons to -90mv.What effect will this likely have on Elena? 

A)It will take less stimulation to get her neurons to fire action potentials.
B)It will take more stimulation to get her neurons to fire action potentials.
C)It will be impossible to get her neurons to fire action potentials.
D)Her neurons will begin to fire action potentials at random.

Question 74

 Prozac inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.When you take Prozac,the effect of this drug will be to ____. 

A)reduce the action of serotonin in the brain
B)increase the time serotonin spends in the synapses of the brain
C)prevent the release of serotonin in the synapses of the brain
D)prevent the absorption of serotonin in the post-synaptic neuron

Question 75

 Current estimates suggest we have around ____ neurons in our brain 

A)800 million
B)6 billion
C)46 billion
D)86 billion

Question 76

 Suppose you take a drug that causes neurons in your brain to stop firing.What effects with the drug have? 

A)excitatory
B)stimulating
C)inhibitory
D)stabilizing

Question 77

 The first neurotransmitter discovered was ____.epinephrine 

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)epinephrine

Question 78

 The potential difference at which a neuron will fire an action potential is called the ____. 

A)excitatory potential
B)least noticeable difference
C)potentiation trigger
D)threshold of excitation

Question 79

 Inhibition occurs when ____. 

A)sodium ions (Na+) flood into the axon of a neuron
B)the resting potential of a postsynaptic neuron is moved closer to -55 millivolts
C)a neurotransmitter makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential
D)a neurotransmitter makes a presynaptic neuron more likely to fire

Question 80

 If you were to remove potassium ions (K+)from inside of a neuron,the net effect on the neuron would be ____. 

A)excitation
B)inhibition
C)the firing of an action potential
D)rapid neuronal death