Deck 3: The Nutrients and Their Metabolism

Question 1

Which step in protein synthesis occurs at the ribosome?

A)Peptide bonding of amino acids
B)Ribosomal RNA production
C)Messenger RNA production
D)Transfer RNA production

Answer 1

A
The assembly of the peptide chain occurs at the ribosome as protein translation occurs.The production of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA all occur in the nucleus of the cell as steps in transcription.

Question 2

Which of the following is (are) the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?

A)Fish oil
B)Corn and safflower oil
C)Coconut and palm oil
D)Canola and peanut oil

Answer 2

A
Fish and fish oils provide the highest concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids.Linolenic acid, which is an omega-3 fatty acid, is available from soybean, canola, and walnut oils.

Question 3

Which of these groups contains only essential amino acids?

A)Arginine, tryptophan, threonine, serine
B)Glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine
C)Valine, glutamine, asparagine, alanine
D)Phenylalanine, threonine, histidine, leucine

Answer 3

D
Essential amino acids are ones that have carbon skeletons that humans are incapable of synthesizing.These include valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, and in the case of infants, cysteine and histidine.

Question 4

In the treatment of what condition has supplemental CoQ₁₀ been demonstrated to be effective?

A)Lung cancer
B)Colon cancer
C)Congestive heart failure
D)Pellagra

Question 5

Which of these are primary sources of trans-fatty acids?

A)Vegetable oils and butterfat
B)Milk and eggs
C)Flaxseed and canola oil
D)Margarine and commercially fried foods

Question 6

What disease results from a deficiency of niacin?

A)Scurvy
B)Beriberi
C)Pellagra
D)Rickets

Question 7

Which fall into the category of isoprenoids?

A)Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
B)Lycopene and carotenoid
C)Cerebrosides and gangliosides
D)Bile acid

Question 8

Which of the following characteristics are seen in an adult experiencing marasmus?

A)Muscular wasting and absence of subcutaneous fat
B)Pitting edema
C)Hypoalbuminemia and presence of pitting edema
D)Enlarged fatty liver and hyperalbuminemia

Question 9

What is the major end product of the digestion of dietary carbohydrate?

A)Fructose
B)Sucrose
C)Mannose
D)Glucose

Question 10

Which types of fiber function as prebiotics?

A)Fructans
B)Beta-glucans
C)Lignins
D)Pectins

Question 11

Which of the following improves protein quality?

A)Wine or vinegar marinade
B)Increasing soybean intake
C)The Maillard reaction
D)Exposing meat to sulfur dioxide

Question 12

What is the energy source for the central nervous system under normal conditions?

A)Ketone bodies
B)Glucose
C)Fatty acids
D)Amino acids

Question 13

Dietary fiber delays gastric emptying time and shortens intestinal transit time.What metabolic effect may result from this in a person with diabetes mellitus?

A)Reduction in blood glucose level
B)Increase in blood glucose level
C)Decrease in ketone production
D)Increase in glucose absorption

Question 14

If you were teaching a patient to reduce the saturated fat in his diet, which of the following would you instruct him to avoid?

A)Olive and peanut oil
B)Coconut and palm oil
C)Safflower and corn oil
D)Canola and cottonseed oil

Question 15

What types of foods are bioflavonoids found in?

A)Fruits and vegetables
B)Vegetables only
C)Fruits only
D)Meats, fruits, and vegetables

Question 16

What is the name of the process in which the amine group of an amino acid is removed before oxidation for energy?

A)Transamination
B)Beta-oxidation
C)Deamination
D)Reverse amination

Question 17

What are the essential fatty acids?

A)Linolenic acid and arachidonic acid
B)Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid
C)Linoleic acid and linolenic acid
D)Eicosapentaenoic acid and phosphatidylcholine

Question 18

Which of the following removes chylomicrons from the blood a few hours after eating?

A)Low-density lipoproteins
B)Lipoprotein lipase
C)Carnitine
D)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 19

Which of the following hormones promotes a decrease in serum glucose levels?

A)Epinephrine
B)Glucagon
C)Glucocorticoid
D)Insulin

Question 20

How do protein-based fat replacers function in commercial food products?

A)They act as bulking agents.
B)They promote gelatinization and water retention.
C)They provide mouth texture.
D)They act as thickening agents.

Question 21

The food content of which vitamin is least likely to be reported in food composition tables?

A)Biotin
B)Pantothenic acid
C)Cyanocobalamin
D)Pyridoxine

Question 22

Which form of vitamin A is a structural component of the visual pigments of the rods and cells in the retina?

A)Beta carotene
B)Retinal
C)Retinoic acid
D)Retinol

Question 23

What is the most common cause of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency?

A)Vegan diet
B)Lack of intrinsic factor
C)Folate deficiency
D)Lack of transcobalamin

Question 24

As many as 40% of Americans may be deficient in which of the following vitamin?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin E
C)Ascorbic acid
D)Vitamin D

Question 25

Which set of vitamins is involved in cellular energy production?

A)Ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and carnitine
B)Niacin, ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, and thiamin
C)Pyridoxine, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin
D)Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid

Question 26

To prevent hemorrhagic disease in newborns, which vitamin is administered to infants shortly after birth?

A)Vitamin C
B)Thiamin
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin K

Question 27

Which vitamin is needed for transaminases to function during protein metabolism?

A)Thiamin
B)Pyridoxine
C)Riboflavin
D)Niacin

Question 28

Which of the following minerals is considered to be a trace element?

A)Calcium
B)Sodium
C)Iron
D)Magnesium

Question 29

Deficiency of which vitamin results in the development of a magenta tongue?

A)Niacin
B)Riboflavin
C)Pyridoxine
D)Vitamin B12

Question 30

Which vitamin functions with the coenzymes NAD and NADP?

A)Niacin
B)Riboflavin
C)Ascorbic acid
D)Pyridoxine

Question 31

In vitamin D metabolism, which version of vitamin D is produced by the liver and then transported to the kidney?

A)7-Dehydrocholesterol
B)Cholecalciferol
C)25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
D)Calcitriol

Question 32

Which of these vitamins is destroyed by ultraviolet irradiation?

A)Riboflavin
B)Vitamin D
C)Pyridoxine
D)Niacin

Question 33

How is vitamin D deficiency manifested in adults?

A)Hypocalcemia
B)Osteoporosis
C)Osteomalacia
D)Hypophosphatemia

Question 34

The continued use of antibiotic therapy can reduce bacterial flora in the gut.Which of the following may result from this?

A)Deficiency in vitamin K
B)Deficiency in vitamin C
C)Toxicity of vitamin A
D)Toxicity of biotin

Question 35

Which of the following is the most sensitive indicator for determining iron status?

A)Hemoglobin
B)Hematocrit
C)Serum ferritin
D)Serum transferrin

Question 36

If a person ate 100 g of each of the following, which one would provide the most calcium?

A)Tofu
B)Salmon canned with the bones
C)Calcium-fortified bread
D)Yogurt

Question 37

Which vitamin is involved with normal bone development, epithelial cell formation, and visual pigment formation?

A)Pyridoxine
B)Vitamin D
C)Vitamin A
D)Ascorbic acid

Question 38

Which best describes the functions of vitamin C?

A)Enhancing iron absorption and collagen formation
B)Essential for calcium and phosphate absorption
C)Biosynthesis of sphingolipids in the myelination of nerve cells
D)Promotes synthesis and repair of DNA

Question 39

The absorption of ingested vitamin D occurs along with the absorption of what?

A)Protein and lactose
B)Lipids
C)Carbohydrates and niacin
D)Thiamin and glucose

Question 40

What condition is evidenced by symptoms of mental confusion, muscular wasting, edema, and peripheral neuropathy?

A)Niacin deficiency
B)Vitamin C deficiency
C)Hypervitaminosis A
D)Thiamin deficiency

Question 41

Which of the following minerals, through its action as an enhancer of insulin, is involved in maintaining blood glucose concentrations?

A)Chromium
B)Zinc
C)Iron
D)Selenium

Question 42

Deficiency of which mineral causes growth retardation and hypogonadism?

A)Iron
B)Iodine
C)Zinc
D)Selenium

Question 43

What is a physical sign of adult iodine deficiency?

A)Muscle spasm
B)Simple goiter
C)Hypertension
D)Diarrhea

Question 44

Goitrogens, which inhibit the absorption or utilization of iodine, are found in which foods?

A)Fish, chicken, and beef
B)Milk, cheese, and yogurt
C)Apples, peaches, and pears
D)Cabbage, turnips, and peanuts

Question 45

Deficiency of which mineral causes cardiomyopathy or Keshan disease?

A)Iodine
B)Zinc
C)Fluoride
D)Selenium

Question 46

Which of the following provide the most bioavailable source of iron?

A)Meats, fish, and poultry
B)Legumes
C)Fortified grain products
D)Dark green leafy vegetables

Question 47

Which of the following minerals functions in an antioxidant role?

A)Chromium
B)Zinc
C)Fluoride
D)Selenium

Question 48

What does the serum protein transferrin do?

A)Transports phosphorus to the bone
B)Transports iron in the blood for use in heme synthesis
C)Transports phosphorus from the bone to the tissues
D)Transports calcium to the bone

Question 49

Which factor(s) best promote the absorption of iron from food?

A)Ascorbic acid and vitamin D
B)Alkaline environment
C)Ascorbic acid and an acidic environment
D)Acidic environment

Question 50

Which of the following mineral-mineral interactions may lead to impaired absorption of the second mineral when the first mineral is consumed in "toxic" amounts?

A)Iron and zinc
B)Zinc and copper
C)Sodium and potassium
D)Calcium and phosphate