Question 1

By what mechanism is thirst stimulated in the hypothalamus?&#10;A)Increase in serum osmolality&#10;B)Decrease in serum osmolality&#10;C)Increase in both serum osmolality and in extracellular volume&#10;D)Decrease in serum osmolality and an increase in extracellular volume

Accepted Answer

A decrease in extracellular fluid volume results in a hemoconcentration of the blood, resulting in an increase in serum osmolality.The renin-angiotensin system is triggered by the decreased extracellular volume, and as a consequence, angiotensin II stimulates the thirst centers.

Question 2

For the average woman, _____ ml/day would meet fluid needs.&#10;A)1500&#10;B)1700&#10;C)2700&#10;D)3500

Accepted Answer

A daily allowance of water from all sources, including beverages and foods, is about 2700 ml/day for women and 3700 ml/day for men.The general recommendation for water intake is approximately 35 ml/kg of usual body weight in adults.

Question 3

In the extracellular space, what is the primary buffer system?&#10;A)Phosphate&#10;B)Bicarbonate and carbonic acid&#10;C)Hydrogen&#10;D)Protein

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffer the production of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide that results from cellular metabolism, and this occurs primarily in the extracellular space.The phosphate buffering system and protein buffering are activities that more commonly occur in the intracellular space.

Question 4

Which effect is of greatest concern in water intoxication?&#10;A)Increased volume of the brain cells&#10;B)Hypertension&#10;C)Decreased circulating blood volume&#10;D)Increased urinary output

Accepted Answer

When water intake exceeds the body's ability to excrete it, such as with impairment in kidney function, intracellular fluid volume increases.The increase in the volume of brain cells results in headaches, nausea, blindness, vomiting, and convulsions.Hypertension, decreased circulating blood volume, and changes in urinary output tend to be associated with or the cause of hypovolemia.

Question 5

Refeeding syndrome can result in&#10;A)low serum phosphorus.&#10;B)low serum magnesium.&#10;C)death.&#10;D)all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Refeeding syndrome occurs when a starved patient is fed and there is rapid utilization of phosphorus for phosphorylation of glucose.ATP production also requires magnesium.As the body begins making ATP, serum magnesium and phosphorus drop.If not treated this can be a life-threatening condition.

Question 6

Which acid-base imbalance can result from diuretics use, vomiting, and loss of chloride?&#10;A)Respiratory alkalosis&#10;B)Respiratory acidosis&#10;C)Metabolic alkalosis&#10;D)Metabolic acidosis

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis results from a loss of acid, such as HCl through gastric suctioning, and loss of extracellular fluid, such as would occur in diuretic use or vomiting.Respiratory alkalosis occurs when excessive respiration occurs, such as heavy breathing after exercise or in anxiety.Respiratory acidosis happens when there is damage to the lungs or respiration that does not allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide with oxygen.Metabolic acidosis results from medical conditions that lead to a buildup of metabolic acids in the body.

Question 7

What is the primary means by which hydrogen ions are generated in the body?&#10;A)Normal tissue metabolism&#10;B)Ingestion of highly acidic foods&#10;C)Oxidation-reduction reactions&#10;D)Reabsorption of bicarbonate

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen ion and acid formation results from normal metabolism.All foods, not just acidic ones, may result in the production of organic acids.Carbon dioxide is a common volatile acid that results from oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.Bicarbonate is considered to be a base, and control of its concentration, along with carbon dioxide concentrations, is a primary focus of acid-base regulation.

Question 8

Sodium is increased the most by the intake of&#10;A)fresh vegetables.&#10;B)frozen vegetables.&#10;C)fresh meats.&#10;D)luncheon meats.

Accepted Answer

One ounce of luncheon meat could provide 400 mg of sodium.Fresh meat provides 30 mg of sodium per ounce if no salt, flavored salt, or flavor enhancers are used.Fresh vegetables provide very little sodium, and processing 1 cup of frozen vegetables without salt will provide about 10 mg of sodium.

Question 9

Which organ(s) maintain acid-base balance by the regulation of hydrogen ions?&#10;A)Lungs&#10;B)Liver&#10;C)Kidneys&#10;D)Adrenal glands

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen ion excretion and retention is controlled through the kidneys.The kidneys also contribute to acid-base regulation through the excretion and retention of bicarbonate.The lungs are the other organs involved in acid-base regulation, and they do so by controlling the expiration of carbon dioxide.The liver and adrenal glands do not function in acid-base regulation, although their metabolic activities may contribute to acid or base production.

Question 10

The recommended fluid intake based on caloric intake is&#10;A)2 ml/kcal for adults and 3 ml/kcal for infants.&#10;B)0.5 ml/kcal for adults and infants.&#10;C)2 ml/kcal for adults and 1 ml/kcal for infants.&#10;D)1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants.

Accepted Answer

Fluid intake of 1 ml/kcal for adults and 1.5 ml/kcal for infants provides about 35 ml/kg in adults and 150 ml/kg in infants.These levels help to maintain fluid balance within humans.

Question 11

Where in the body is interstitial fluid located?&#10;A)Within body cells and the lymphatic system&#10;B)Within body cells&#10;C)Between and around body cells&#10;D)In the blood and the lymphatic system

Accepted Answer

The answer of Where in the body is interstitial fluid...

Question 12

How would the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?&#10;A)Increased kidney excretion of bicarbonate&#10;B)Increased ventilation of carbon dioxide&#10;C)Decreased kidney excretion of bicarbonate&#10;D)Decreased ventilation of carbon dioxide

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would the body compensate for metabolic...

Question 13

How does body water, as a percentage of body weight, change based on stage of the life cycle and lifestyle?&#10;A)Decreases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes&#10;B)Decreases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes&#10;C)Increases significantly with age and is higher in athletes than nonathletes&#10;D)Increases significantly with age and is lower in athletes than nonathletes

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does body water, as a percentage...

Question 14

For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance is achieved when the amount of water taken in is&#10;A)half the amount that is lost.&#10;B)about equal to the amount lost.&#10;C)twice the amount lost.&#10;D)unrelated to the amount of water lost.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For a normal healthy adult, fluid balance...

Question 15

What is the primary disturbance when respiratory alkalosis occurs?&#10;A)Increased bicarbonate&#10;B)Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide&#10;C)Decreased bicarbonate&#10;D)Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the primary disturbance when respiratory...

Question 16

When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the blood, which of the following effects occurs?&#10;A)Low serum potassium because water is retained&#10;B)Low serum sodium because water is retained&#10;C)High serum potassium because water is excreted&#10;D)High serum sodium because water is excreted

Accepted Answer

The answer of When vasopressin is excessively secreted in the...

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?&#10;A)Accumulation of bicarbonate&#10;B)Decreased ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide&#10;C)Accumulation of acids from abnormal metabolism&#10;D)Excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a characteristic...

Question 18

Eating which of the following would most increase dietary potassium intake?&#10;A)Fruits and vegetables&#10;B)Saltwater fish&#10;C)Grains&#10;D)Cereals

Accepted Answer

The answer of Eating which of the following would most...

Question 19

Which of the following results from ingesting a large amount of sodium in a short time?&#10;A)Hypotension&#10;B)Muscular cramps&#10;C)Increased urinary calcium excretion&#10;D)Increased urinary output of potassium

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following results from ingesting...

Question 20

The kidneys compensate for a loss of body water by excreting&#10;A)additional fluids and electrolytes.&#10;B)additional electrolytes.&#10;C)more concentrated urine.&#10;D)more dilute urine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The kidneys compensate for a loss of...

Deck 6: Clinical: Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance