Deck 24: Nutrition and Bone Health

Question 1

The WHO's definition of osteoporosis is a BMD greater than _____ standard deviations below the mean for healthy 20- to 29-year-old adults.

A)1
B)1.5
C)2
D)2.5

Answer 1

D
Compared with the mean BMD of 20- to 29-year-old adults, the World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a BMD greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the standard.

Question 2

Which of the following female patients is at risk for osteoporosis?

A)An African American woman who was normal age at menopause and has a large frame and poor intake of calcium.
B)A White woman who is overweight, had multiple pregnancies and late menopause, and consumes alcohol.
C)A White woman who is underweight, had premature menopause, does not exercise, and smokes cigarettes.
D)An Asian woman who is premenopausal and has a large frame, a high calcium intake, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Answer 2

C
Risk factors for the development of osteoporosis include being a woman of European or Asian descent, being underweight or sarcopenic, having experienced menopause or oophorectomy, lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol or caffeine use, and limited intake of calcium and vitamin D.

Question 3

Which of the following bone measurements is more appropriate for individuals from late adolescence to the elderly years?

A)BMC
B)BMD
C)PBM
D)Alkaline phosphatase

Answer 3

B
After peak bone mass is achieved by about 30 years of age, bone mineral density is the term used to describe bone throughout the rest of life.Bone mineral content is used to describe the amount of bone accumulated before the end of growth (usually in height).Alkaline phosphatase measured in the blood is a marker of bone formation.

Question 4

When is the peak bone mass of a female typically achieved?

A)By the end of adolescence
B)By approximately 30 years of age
C)Within the decade preceding menopause
D)After the onset of menopause

Question 5

Which of these is NOT a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

A)Hispanic ethnicity
B)European or Asian ethnicity
C)Cigarette smoking
D)Female athlete triad

Question 6

What does uncoupling of bone remodeling mean?

A)Bone formation precedes bone resorption.
B)Bone formation both exceeds and precedes bone resorption.
C)Bone resorption precedes bone formation.
D)Bone resorption both precedes and exceeds bone formation.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with excessive calcium supplementation?

A)Constipation
B)Iron deficiency
C)Urinary tract stones
D)High blood pressure

Question 8

Which of the following is necessary for the maturation of osteocalcin?

A)Vitamin K
B)Vitamin D
C)Vitamin E
D)Vitamin A

Question 9

Which of the following is associated with the bone tissue at the end of the long bones?

A)Trabecular bone
B)Cortical bone
C)Haversian systems
D)Osteons

Question 10

Bone tissue consists of the mineral phase and the organic _____ phase.

A)collagen
B)cartilage
C)matrix
D)osteocalcin

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hormone-related (type I) osteoporosis?

A)Rapid rate of bone loss and therefore of BMD
B)Cessation of ovarian estrogen production
C)Decrease in dietary calcium intake
D)Increased risk of fracture of wrist and vertebrae

Question 12

Which of the following changes related to nutrition and bone metabolism does NOT occur in elderly subjects?

A)Decreased intake of protein
B)Reduction of skin biosynthesis of vitamin D
C)Increased renal excretion of calcium
D)Decline in osteoblast function

Question 13

Which of the following statements about exercise and bone is TRUE?

A)Regular weight-bearing exercise has little influence on BMD.
B)Upper body strength activities may improve overall BMD.
C)Walking several miles each day has a large impact on hip BMD.
D)Swimming regularly has a large impact on vertebral BMD.

Question 14

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by

A)stimulating estrogen production.
B)increasing calcium absorption.
C)inhibiting osteoclasts.
D)inhibiting phosphorus absorption.

Question 15

A chronic elevation of which circulating hormone typically leads to an increase in bone resorption and bone loss?

A)Thyroid hormone
B)Parathyroid hormone
C)Corticosteroid hormone
D)Glucagon

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of type II, or age-related, osteoporosis?

A)Occurs after 50 years of age
B)Loss of height occurs
C)Only affects trabecular bone
D)Rarely occurs in males

Question 17

Which of the following dietary variables is NOT related to low bone mass?

A)Inadequate calcium
B)Excessive phosphorus
C)Inadequate vitamin D
D)Excessive potassium

Question 18

What is the most beneficial type of exercise to include in an exercise program for a patient at risk for osteoporosis?

A)Swimming
B)Weight bearing
C)Nonweight bearing
D)Isometric

Question 19

Which of the following are bone-forming cells?

A)Osteocytes
B)Osteoblasts
C)Osteoclasts
D)Osteocalcins