Deck 11: Data Analysis: Frequency Distribution, Hypothesis Testing, and Cross-Tabulation

Question 1

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called frequency distribution.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called measures of variability.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the text, the mode represents the highest peak of the distribution.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The mean of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

Question 5

According to the text, the measures of variability is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

Question 6

The mode is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale.

Question 7

The median should be used if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

Question 8

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the median.

Question 9

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the median should be used.

Question 10

A measure of central tendency, given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the median.

Question 11

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the variance.

Question 12

The mean is that value obtained by summing the values of all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

Question 13

The valid percentage column in a frequency distribution represents percentages calculated by
excluding the cases with missing values.

Question 14

Many marketing research projects do not go beyond basic data analysis.

Question 15

The most commonly used statistics associated with frequencies are measures of location and measures of variability.

Question 16

In a frequency distribution, two variables are considered at a time.

Question 17

The mean is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

Question 18

Frequency data may be used to construct a histogram, or a vertical bar chart.

Question 19

The most common measures of variability are the range and variance.

Question 20

The mean, mode, and median are associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution.

Question 21

Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

Question 22

The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the population parameter, not a sample
statistic.

Question 23

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a one-tailed test.

Question 24

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

Question 25

Cross-tabulation examines associations between variables, not causation.

Question 26

Type II error occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

Question 27

Cross-tabulation with two variables is known as twice-tabulation.

Question 28

According to the text, the range measures the spread of the data.

Question 29

According to the text, accepting the alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

Question 30

In commercial marketing research, the one-tailed test is used more often than a two-tailed test.

Question 31

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a null hypothesis.

Question 32

The test of the null hypothesis is a two-tailed test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

Question 33

The null hypothesis, H₀, when using the chi-square statistic, is that there is no association between the variables.

Question 34

A hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the F-test.

Question 35

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the variance.

Question 36

The two-tailed test is more conservative than the one-tailed test. If a hypothesis is rejected using a two-tailed test, it will also be rejected using a one-tailed test.

Question 37

The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested, but can never be accepted based on a single test.

Question 38

An alternative hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect.

Question 39

The power of a test is the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true and should be accepted.

Question 40

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.

Question 41

The most common measures of variability are the ________ and ________.

A)median; range
B)variance; mean
C)mean; median
D)range; variance
E)difference; trend line

Question 42

If the distribution is asymmetric, which measure of location is most appropriate if the data is in a nominal scale? If it is in an ordinal scale? If it is in an interval or ratio scale?

A)mode, mode, median
B)median, median, median
C)median, mean, mode
D)mean, mode, median
E)mode, median, mean

Question 43

A measure of central tendency given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the ________.

A)mean
B)mode
C)median
D)maxima
E)binary inflection

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a statistic that is associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution?

A)mean
B)mode
C)median
D)maxima
E)All are associated with measures of location.

Question 45

The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

A)median
B)mean
C)mode
D)maxima
E)trend

Question 46

The ________ is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

A)mean
B)median
C)maxima
D)mode
E)categorical listing

Question 47

The chi-square statistic can be estimated on counts of data or on percentages.

Question 48

The ________ should be used as a measure of location if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

A)mean
B)mode
C)median
D)maxima
E)ranking order

Question 49

A frequency distribution ________.

A)helps identify the presence of outliers
B)indicates the shape of the empirical distribution of the variable
C)contains the same information as the margins of a contingency table
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 50

According to the text, which of the following represents the highest peak of the distribution?

A)mode
B)mean
C)median
D)maxima
E)crest

Question 51

When using the chi-square statistic in cross-tabulation, the null hypothesis (H₀)will be rejected only when the probability of obtaining a more extreme value is less than 0.05.

Question 52

Which of the following is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale?

A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)maxima
E)trend

Question 53

Data collected in social media often lend themselves to basic analysis involving frequencies, percentages and cross-tabulations.

Question 54

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable and to express these counts in percentage terms is called ________.

A)sampling distribution
B)random distribution
C)frequency distribution
D)systematic distribution
E)chi-square distribution

Question 55

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called ________.

A)measures of location
B)measures of variability
C)measures of association
D)measures of relativity
E)measures of difference

Question 56

According to the text, the ________ is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

A)measures of location
B)measures of variability
C)measures of association
D)measures of relativity
E)measures of position

Question 57

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the ________ should be used as a measure of location.

A)mean
B)mode
C)median
D)maxima
E)trend

Question 58

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the ________.

A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)maxima
E)trend

Question 59

A frequency distribution for a variable produces ________.

A)a table of frequency counts
B)percentages
C)cumulative percentages
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 60

The ________ is that value obtained by summing the values of all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

A)mean
B)mode
C)median
D)maxima
E)aggregate

Question 61

The test of the null hypothesis is a(n)________ test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

A)two-tailed
B)three-tailed
C)extreme-tailed
D)one-tailed
E)A and D

Question 62

According to the text, the ________ measures the spread of the data.

A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)range
E)body

Question 63

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a ________ test.

A)one-tailed
B)two-tailed
C)three-tailed
D)four-tailed
E)A and B

Question 64

Which of the following often follows a well-known distribution, such as the normal, t, or chi-square distribution?

A)test statistic
B)level of significance
C)critical value
D)z-test
E)incidence of difference

Question 65

A(n)________ is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect.

A)null hypothesis
B)alternative hypothesis
C)random hypothesis
D)standardized hypothesis
E)starting hypothesis

Question 66

In commercial marketing research, the ________ is used more often than a(n)________.

A)one-tailed test; two-tailed test
B)two-tailed test; one-tailed test
C)exhaustive test; inexhaustive test
D)inexhaustive test; exhaustive test
E)f-test; g-test

Question 67

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a(n)________.

A)null hypothesis
B)alternative hypothesis
C)random hypothesis
D)standardized hypothesis
E)incidence of difference

Question 68

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the ________.

A)level of significance
B)power of a test
C)test statistic
D)critical value
E)incidence of difference

Question 69

The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected.

A)level of significance
B)z-test
C)test statistic
D)power of a test
E)incidence of difference

Question 70

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the ________.

A)variance
B)range
C)median
D)mean
E)geometric mean

Question 71

________ occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)Type IV error
E)Power of a test

Question 72

The ________ is always the hypothesis that is tested, but can never be accepted based on a single test.

A)alternative hypothesis
B)random hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)standardized hypothesis
E)incidence of difference

Question 73

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the ________.

A)range
B)variance
C)median
D)mean
E)body

Question 74

A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of categories or distinct values is called ________.

A)cross-tabulation
B)regression analysis
C)frequency distribution
D)random sampling
E)binary regression

Question 75

A hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the ________.

A)F-test
B)p-test
C)t-test
D)z-test
E)poisson test

Question 76

A ________ is a cross-tabulation table that contains a cell for every combination of categories of the two variables.

A)t-test table
B)hypothesis table
C)contingency table
D)chi square table
E)categories table

Question 77

________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)Type IV error
E)Power of a test

Question 78

According to the text, accepting the ________ will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

A)null hypothesis
B)alternative hypothesis
C)random hypothesis
D)standardized hypothesis
E)quid pro quo

Question 79

The probability of making a type I error is called the ________.

A)level of significance
B)critical value
C)test statistic
D)power of a test
E)incidence of difference

Question 80

________ is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

A)Range
B)Standard error
C)Standard deviation
D)Mean
E)Statistical significance