Deck 26: The Urinary System

Question 1

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A)afferent arteriole.
B)efferent arteriole.
C)vasa recta.
D)interlobular arteriole.
E)renal vein.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

A)kidney.
B)urinary bladder.
C)rectum.
D)ureter.
E)urethra.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

A)It releases renin.
B)It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.
C)Final urine enters here.
D)Initial filtrate enters here.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

A)inferior
B)superior
C)posterior
D)transverse
E)anterior

Question 5

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

A)adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.
B)releasing erythropoietin.
C)releasing renin.
D)regulating NaCl levels in the blood.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A)renal cortex.
B)renal medulla.
C)major calyx.
D)fibrous capsule.
E)renal pelvis.

Question 7

Urine passes,in the order given,through which of the following structures?

A)collecting duct,renal pelvis,urethra,bladder,ureter
B)renal pelvis,collecting duct,bladder,ureter,urethra
C)collecting duct,renal pelvis,ureter,bladder,urethra
D)renal pelvis,urethra,bladder,ureter,collecting duct
E)collecting duct,ureter,renal pelvis,urethra,bladder

Question 8

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A)calyx.
B)pelvis.
C)ureter.
D)hilum.
E)pyramid.

Question 9

The urinary system does all of the following except

A)excreting excess albumin molecules.
B)regulating blood volume.
C)contributing to stabilizing blood pH.
D)eliminating organic waste products.
E)regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

Question 10

The renal sinus is

A)the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
B)part of a renal pyramid.
C)an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
D)a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E)a renal corpuscle.

Question 11

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A)renal papilla.
B)renal pelvis.
C)renal medulla.
D)renal cortex.
E)renal sinus.

Question 12

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

A)pyramids.
B)renal columns.
C)renal pelvises.
D)nephrons.
E)calyces.

Question 13

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A)the overlying peritoneum.
B)contact with adjacent visceral organs.
C)supporting connective tissues.
D)the renal fascia.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

A glomerulus is

A)the expanded end of a nephron.
B)a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
C)the source of erythropoietin.
D)attached to the collecting duct.
E)the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

Question 15

How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?

A)Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.
B)Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.
C)Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.
D)Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney,which makes more rennin hormone.
E)The kidney produces calcitriol.

Question 16

Urine is eliminated through the

A)liver.
B)urinary bladder.
C)kidney.
D)ureter.
E)urethra.

Question 17

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A)blood vessels.
B)lymphatics.
C)the ureters.
D)the urethra.
E)the calyces.

Question 18

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.

A)polycystic kidney disease
B)floating kidney
C)pyelonephritis
D)renal calculi
E)renal failure

Question 19

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

A)located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B)surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
C)located partly within the pelvic cavity.
D)held in place by the renal fascia.
E)covered by peritoneum.

Question 20

Functions of the urinary system include

A)regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
B)regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
C)helping to stabilize blood pH.
D)conservation of valuable nutrients.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

A)proximal capillaries.
B)corticoradiate capillaries.
C)vasa recta capillaries.
D)efferent arterioles.
E)peritubular capillaries.

Question 22

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

A)500
B)800
C)1200
D)1800
E)2500

Question 23

Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

A)Clostridium difficile.
B)varicella.
C)Streptococcus.
D)MRSA.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A)It releases renin.
B)It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.
C)final urine enters here.
D)initial filtrate enters here.
E)It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

Question 25

________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.

A)Glomerulonephritis
B)Floating kidney
C)Polycystic kidney disease
D)Pyelonephrosis
E)Kidney stones

Question 26

In the renal corpuscle,the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

A)glomerulocytes.
B)juxtaglomerular cells.
C)tubular cells.
D)macula densa cells.
E)podocytes.

Question 27

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

A)renal corpuscle.
B)filtration membrane.
C)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
D)juxtaglomerular complex.
E)afferent arteriole.

Question 28

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)papillary duct.
D)renal corpuscle.
E)ureter.

Question 29

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance during filtration?
1)filtration slit (slit pore)
2)capsular space
3)dense layer
4)capillary endothelium

A)4,3,2,1
B)4,1,2,3
C)4,3,1,2
D)3,1,4,2
E)2,4,3,1

Question 30

Renal columns are

A)internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
B)expanded ends of the ureters.
C)the basic functional units of the kidney.
D)bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
E)conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

Question 31

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus,a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems.Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function.He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.

A)polycystic kidney
B)glomerulonephritis
C)cystitis
D)diabetes
E)renal calculi

Question 32

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A)renal sinus.
B)renal pelvis.
C)renal calyx.
D)renal hilum.
E)renal corpuscle.

Question 33

Major calyces are

A)large branches of the renal pelvis.
B)expanded ends of nephrons.
C)basic functional layers of the kidney.
D)conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E)the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

Question 34

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

A)Glomerulonephritis
B)Polycystic kidney disease
C)Calculus
D)Renal failure
E)Hematuria

Question 35

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)papillary tubule.
E)calyx.

Question 36

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)papillary duct
D)renal corpuscle
E)ureter

Question 37

The region known as the macula densa is part of

A)the proximal convoluted tubule.
B)the distal convoluted tubule.
C)the collecting duct.
D)the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E)glomerular (Bowman's)capsule.

Question 38

Glomerular (Bowman's)capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A)renal pyramid.
B)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C)renal corpuscle.
D)renal papilla.
E)collecting tubule system.

Question 39

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)collecting duct.
E)minor calyx.

Question 40

The renal veins drain into the

A)abdominal aorta.
B)renal arteries.
C)inferior vena cava.
D)segmental arteries.
E)peritubular capillaries.

Question 41

The process of filtration occurs at the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)collecting duct.
D)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E)glomerular (Bowman's)capsule.

Question 42

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

A)sodium ions
B)glucose
C)albumin
D)amino acids
E)urea

Question 43

Renal blood flow is about

A)1 liter/min.
B)2 liter/min.
C)3 liter/min.
D)4 liter/min.
E)5 liter/min.

Question 44

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A)filtration.
B)absorption of ions,organic molecules,vitamins,and water.
C)secretion of acids and ammonia.
D)secretion of drugs.
E)adjusting the urine pH.

Question 45

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

A)filtration slits,foot processes,and slit pores
B)fenestrations,matrix,and foot processes
C)endothelium of glomerulus,dense layer of glomerulus,and podocyte filtration slits
D)dense layer of glomerulus,foot processes,and fenestrations in the capsule
E)podocyte filtration slits,matrix cells in the glomerulus,and endothelium of glomerulus

Question 46

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A)renal pelvis
B)minor calyx
C)ureter
D)major calyx
E)renal column

Question 47

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

A)active transport.
B)blood osmotic pressure.
C)blood hydrostatic pressure.
D)renal pumping.
E)solvent drag.

Question 48

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1 1."

A)renal pelvis
B)minor calyx
C)ureter
D)major calyx
E)renal column

Question 49

Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

A)hydrogen ions
B)urea
C)large proteins
D)amino acids
E)creatinine

Question 50

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A)renal sinus
B)fibrous capsule
C)renal pyramid
D)renal papilla
E)renal column

Question 51

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A)renal sinus
B)fibrous capsule
C)renal pyramid
D)renal papilla
E)renal column

Question 52

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.In what order does blood pass through these vessels?
1) afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) renal artery
5) glomerulus
6) cortical radiate artery
7) efferent arteriole
8) peritubular capillary

A)4,6,2,3,1,5,7,8
B)4,3,2,6,1,5,7,8
C)4,3,2,6,7,5,1,8
D)4,6,2,3,7,5,1,8
E)4,3,6,2,1,5,7,8

Question 53

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

A)peritubular
B)glomerular
C)vasa recta
D)cortical
E)efferent

Question 54

The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl.

A)75
B)90
C)100
D)140
E)180

Question 55

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

A)produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.
B)increase the glomerular filtration rate.
C)trigger renin release.
D)produce renal ischemia.
E)reduce blood flow to kidneys.

Question 56

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

A)arteries.
B)veins.
C)venules.
D)capillaries.
E)arterioles.

Question 57

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B)proximal convoluted tubule.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)collecting loop.
E)minor calyx.

Question 58

Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

A)glomerular (Bowman's)capsule
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)collecting ducts
D)proximal convoluted tubule
E)glomerulus

Question 59

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

A)vasa recta
B)medulla
C)cortex
D)pelvis
E)calyces

Question 60

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A)renal pelvis
B)minor calyx
C)ureter
D)major calyx
E)renal column

Question 61

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)is almost impermeable to water,but reabsorbs sodium,potassium,and chloride ions from the filtrate.

A)The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
B)The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true most of the time.
D)Both statements are false.
E)Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Question 62

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

A)480
B)180
C)125
D)18
E)1)8

Question 63

Antidiuretic hormone

A)increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B)is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
C)causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
D)is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
E)release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

Question 64

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A)FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP
B)FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
C)FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP
D)FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP
E)FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP)

Question 65

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

A)blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B)glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
C)osmotic pressure of the urine.
D)capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E)reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

Question 66

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

A)the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)by the neurohypophysis.
B)aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
C)a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
D)an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)collecting duct.
D)nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E)loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

Question 68

Under normal conditions,glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures.From the list below,what are these three main pressures?
1)blood hydrostatic pressure
2)capsular hydrostatic pressure
3)capsular colloid osmotic pressure
4)blood colloid osmotic pressure
5)urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A)1,2,and 3 are correct.
B)2,3,and 4 are correct.
C)3,4,and 5 are correct.
D)1,2,and 4 are correct.
E)2,4,and 5 are correct.

Question 69

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis.This is may be due to

A)excessive ADH secretion.
B)absence of ADH.
C)hematuric oliguria.
D)overproduction of aldosterone.
E)dilation of the afferent arterioles.

Question 70

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)may lead to

A)less secretion of aldosterone.
B)increased urinary loss of sodium.
C)reduction of blood pressure.
D)decreased sodium reabsorption.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 71

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

A)diffusion.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)cotransport.
E)countertransport.

Question 72

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys,which of the following might occur?

A)presence of protein in urine
B)presence of blood in urine
C)permanent kidney injury
D)damage to the glomeruli
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 73

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

A)increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
B)decrease secretion of aldosterone.
C)increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
D)increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's)capsule.
E)decrease urinary albumin concentration.

Question 74

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color,which of the following will be true?

A)Its pH is below normal.
B)It will have the odor of ammonia.
C)It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
D)It will contain excess chloride ion.
E)It will have a low pH.

Question 75

Calculate filtration pressure (FP)in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg,a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg,and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.

A)FP = 10 mm Hg
B)FP = 95 mm Hg
C)FP = 55 mm Hg
D)FP = 45 mm Hg
E)FP = 15 mm Hg

Question 76

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg,and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg.Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg,and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus,what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

A)30 mm Hg
B)24 mm Hg
C)69 mm Hg
D)84 mm Hg
E)99 mm Hg

Question 77

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

A)active transport.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)cotransport.
D)countertransport.
E)stem cell movements.

Question 78

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

A)simple diffusion.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)cotransport with Na and K ions.
E)countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

Question 79

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)in the glomerulus is generated by

A)blood pressure.
B)presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.
C)constriction of the efferent arteriole.
D)protein in the filtrate.
E)filtrate in the capsular space.

Question 80

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

A)diffusion.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)cotransport.
E)countertransport.