Deck 27: Fluid, electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

When water is lost,but electrolytes are retained,

A)the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B)osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C)both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D)there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E)aldosterone is secreted.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which hormone(s)is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)PTH
D)acetylcholine
E)natriuretic peptides

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)BNP
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In an adult female,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)50
C)40
D)70
E)80

Question 5

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

A)electrons.
B)electrolytes.
C)nonelectrolytes.
D)osmoregulators.
E)buffers.

Question 6

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

A)potassium,chloride,and bicarbonate.
B)sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate.
C)sodium,potassium,and calcium.
D)potassium,hydrogen,and chloride.
E)proteins,potassium,and phosphate.

Question 7

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A)conserve sodium ions.
B)decrease ECF.
C)excrete sodium ions.
D)conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E)decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

Question 8

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A)stimulating thirst.
B)causing the release of ADH.
C)triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
D)stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

The extracellular fluid (ECF)consists of the

A)plasma.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)lymph.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

All of the following are components of ECF except

A)cerebrospinal fluid.
B)peritoneal fluid.
C)lymph.
D)aqueous humor.
E)RBCs.

Question 11

The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A)sodium,chloride,and bicarbonate.
B)sodium,potassium,and bicarbonate.
C)sodium,potassium,and chloride.
D)proteins,bicarbonate,and chloride.
E)sodium,potassium,and phosphate.

Question 12

In a lean adult male,the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A)60
B)90
C)40
D)10
E)80

Question 13

Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.

A)10
B)9
C)15
D)7
E)20

Question 14

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)BNP
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Question 15

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

A)drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
B)angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
C)an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D)stimulation of osmoreceptors
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Aldosterone

A)is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B)promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C)helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D)regulates blood calcium levels.
E)regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 17

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

A)ADH
B)angiotensin II
C)PTH
D)ANP
E)epinephrine

Question 18

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)chloride.

Question 19

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

A)intracellular
B)intercellular
C)extracellular
D)interstitial
E)vital

Question 20

Intracellular fluid (ICF)is found only within

A)blood vessels.
B)lymph.
C)the cells of the body.
D)the interstitial space.
E)the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 21

When pure water is consumed,

A)the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B)a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C)osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D)the volume of the ECF decreases.
E)the volume of the ICF decreases.

Question 22

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A)veins.
B)muscles.
C)tissues.
D)capillaries.
E)arteries.

Question 23

Hypoventilation leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 24

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)parathormone.
D)atrial natriuretic peptides.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 25

In response to respiratory alkalosis,the

A)respiratory rate increases.
B)tidal volume increases.
C)kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D)kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E)kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Question 26

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A)drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B)result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C)decrease thirst.
D)cause hypotension.
E)activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 27

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A)electrolyte.
B)acid.
C)alkali.
D)compensation.
E)buffer.

Question 28

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A)calcitonin.
B)parathyroid hormone.
C)aldosterone.
D)cortisol.
E)ADH.

Question 29

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A)chronic respiratory acidosis.
B)chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C)acute respiratory acidosis.
D)chronic metabolic acidosis.

Question 30

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A)increased by ADH.
B)associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C)minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
D)an indication of dehydration.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 32

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A)buffer stomach acid.
B)buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C)limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D)buffer the urine.
E)increase ventilation.

Question 33

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A)sweating.
B)the kidneys.
C)the liver.
D)the feces.
E)buffers.

Question 34

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

A)water
B)sodium
C)bicarbonate ion
D)hydrogen ion
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Antidiuretic hormone

A)is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
B)stimulates water intake.
C)stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.
D)is produced by the hypothalamus.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Prolonged vomiting can result in

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 37

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation (for example,in fever or mental illness)
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example,due to COPD)
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example,in ischemic conditions)

Question 38

A patient that is hyperventilating is at risk for

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 39

The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A)calcium ions.
B)chlorine ions.
C)potassium ions.
D)sodium ions.
E)electrons.

Question 40

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells,a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.Which of the following properties must this substance lack in order to be effective?

A)permeable to capillary endothelium
B)nontoxic to neurons
C)permeable to brain plasma membranes
D)impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E)soluble in water

Question 41

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

A)lymphatic
B)intracellular
C)plasma
D)extracellular
E)cerebrospinal

Question 42

A(n)________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A)fixed
B)volatile
C)respiratory
D)organic
E)inorganic

Question 43

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

A)ADH
B)Aldosterone
C)Calcitonin
D)Renin
E)Natriuretic peptide

Question 44

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops,the kidneys

A)excrete more hydrogen ions.
B)excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C)excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D)secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E)secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

Question 45

Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because

A)the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high.
B)the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.
C)the aged have less water content in the body.
D)other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.

Question 46

A(n)________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A)respiratory
B)volatile
C)organic
D)inorganic
E)fixed

Question 47

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

A)buffer
B)strong base
C)strong acid
D)cation
E)weak base

Question 48

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation (for example,in fever or mental illness)
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example,due to emphysema)
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example,in ischemic conditions)

Question 49

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life.List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Question 50

The normal pH range for ECF is

A)6)5 to 7.5.
B)6)8 to 7.2.
C)7 to 7.5.
D)7)35 to 7.45.
E)7)5 to 8.0.

Question 51

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

A)oxygen.
B)hemoglobin.
C)carbon monoxide.
D)sodium.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 52

Fred has chronic emphysema.Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly.How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Question 53

When the pH ________,a state of acidosis exists.

A)rises above 7
B)falls below 7
C)falls below 6.5
D)falls below 7.35
E)rises above 7.5

Question 54

________ will raise blood pH.

A)Strenuous exercise
B)Hyperventilation
C)Diabetes mellitis
D)Stomach ulcers
E)Smoking

Question 55

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)to settle an upset stomach risks

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 56

Severe kidney damage,such as glomerulonephritis,often leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 57

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium,chloride,and

A)potassium.
B)magnesium.
C)phosphate.
D)bicarbonate.
E)iodine.

Question 58

When the pH rises above 7.45,a state of ________ exists.

A)apotheosis
B)alkalosis
C)ptosis
D)hydrosis
E)acidosis

Question 59

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A)consequence of hyperventilation (for example,in fever or mental illness
B)consequence of prolonged vomiting
C)consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example,due to COPD)
D)consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example,in ischemic conditions)

Question 60

Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance?

A)Fluctuations in diet will affect babies less because they have so much water content.
B)Older people tend to become more dehydrated.
C)Kidney functions tend to decrease as one ages.
D)Aging correlates with problems in various organ systems,which can enhance acid-base imbalance problems.
E)A fetus obtains water and electrolytes from the maternal bloodstream.

Question 61

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?