Deck 12: Neural Tissue

Question 1

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

A)telodendria.
B)terminals.
C)collaterals.
D)dendrites.
E)synapses.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated

A)motor.
B)afferent.
C)efferent.
D)autonomic.
E)somatic.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

A)anaxonic.
B)bipolar.
C)multipolar.
D)pseudopolar.
E)unipolar.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

A)anaxonic.
B)unipolar.
C)bipolar.
D)tripolar.
E)multipolar.

Question 5

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

A)protoplasm.
B)nucleoplasm.
C)sarcoplasm.
D)neuroplasm.
E)perikaryon.

Question 6

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via

A)anterograde axoplasmic transport.
B)retrograde axoplasmic transport.
C)blood vessels.
D)subcutaneous connective tissue.
E)cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 7

Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic

A)telodendria.
B)terminals.
C)vesicles.
D)mitochondria.
E)neurosomes.

Question 8

The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the

A)telodendria.
B)synaptic terminals.
C)collateral.
D)hillock.
E)synapse.

Question 9

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)afferent
D)somatic
E)autonomic

Question 10

The axon is connected to the soma at the

A)telodendria.
B)synaptic terminal.
C)collaterals.
D)axon hillock.
E)synapse.

Question 11

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

A)telodendria.
B)synaptic terminals.
C)collaterals.
D)hillocks.
E)synapses.

Question 12

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite,with the soma in between,are called

A)anaxonic.
B)unipolar.
C)bipolar.
D)tripolar.
E)multipolar.

Question 13

Neurons that are rare,small,and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

A)anaxonic.
B)unipolar.
C)bipolar.
D)tripolar.
E)multipolar.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

A)anaxonic
B)bipolar
C)multipolar
D)pseudopolar
E)unipolar

Question 15

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

A)anaxonic.
B)unipolar.
C)bipolar.
D)tripolar.
E)multipolar.

Question 16

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?

A)neurotubules
B)mitochondria
C)vesicles
D)neurofibrils
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates ________ cells.

A)skeletal muscle
B)smooth muscle
C)heart muscle
D)glandular
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

A)sense the internal and external environments
B)integrate sensory information
C)coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
D)direct long-term functions,such as growth
E)control peripheral effectors

Question 19

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

A)autonomic
B)peripheral
C)central
D)efferent
E)afferent

Question 20

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A)neurofilaments.
B)neurofibrils.
C)perikaryon.
D)Nissl bodies.
E)microglia.

Question 21

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
The structure labeled "2" is a(n)

A)neurofilament.
B)dendrite.
C)initial segment.
D)perikaryon.
E)axon.

Question 22

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
Which part(s)of the neuron can propagate an action potential?

A)1
B)1 and 2
C)2 and 3
D)3

Question 23

In a(n)________ neuron,the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused.

A)multipolar
B)anaxonic
C)unipolar
D)bipolar
E)interneuron

Question 24

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.

A)Multipolar
B)Anaxonic
C)Unipolar
D)Bipolar
E)Sensory

Question 25

How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?

A)The neuron becomes unable to produce neurotransmitters.
B)The neuron becomes unable to produce action potentials.
C)The soma becomes unable to export products to the synaptic terminals.
D)The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
E)The neuron becomes unable to depolarize when stimulated.

Question 26

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

A)unipolar.
B)bipolar.
C)anaxonic.
D)multipolar.
E)tripolar.

Question 27

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

A)Sensory neurons
B)Motor neurons
C)Unipolar neurons
D)Bipolar neurons
E)Interneurons

Question 28

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A)support
B)memory
C)secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
D)maintenance of blood-brain barrier
E)phagocytosis

Question 29

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles.This observation explains

A)why CNS neurons grow such long axons.
B)why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.
C)the ability of neurons to generate an action potential.
D)the ability of neurons to communicate with each other.
E)the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.

Question 30

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A)axons
B)telodendria
C)dendritic spines
D)synaptic terminals
E)collateral branch

Question 31

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
The structures labeled "1" are dendrites.Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.

A)The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
B)The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
C)Both statements are true.
D)Both statements are false.

Question 32

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
What is contained inside the structure labeled "5"?

A)neuroglia
B)sodium ions
C)acetylcholinesterase
D)calcium ions
E)neurotransmitter molecules

Question 33

________ neurons are the most common structural class in the CNS.

A)Multipolar
B)Anaxonic
C)Unipolar
D)Bipolar
E)Sensory

Question 34

________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.

A)Visceral sensory
B)Sensory
C)Neural sensory
D)Somatic sensory
E)Motor

Question 35

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

A)neural
B)central
C)peripheral
D)Wallerian
E)conduction

Question 36

Which of the following activities or sensations is/are not monitored by interoceptors?

A)sight
B)taste
C)activities of the digestive system
D)cardiovascular activities
E)urinary activities

Question 37

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"?

A)voltage-gated Na⁺ channels
B)voltage-gated K⁺ channels
C)chemically-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels
D)voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels
E)both voltage-gated Na⁺ channels and voltage-gated K⁺ channels

Question 38

________ neurons are short,with a cell body between dendrite and axon,and occur in special sense organs.

A)Multipolar
B)Anaxonic
C)Unipolar
D)Bipolar
E)Motor

Question 39

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A)synaptic terminals
B)telodendria
C)dendritic spines
D)collateral branches
E)axons

Question 40

Figure 12-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:
On which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur?

A)2
B)1
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 41

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

A)Astrocytes
B)Satellite cells
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Microglia
E)Ependymal cells

Question 42

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?

A)adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
B)guiding neuron development
C)maintaining the blood-brain barrier
D)repairing damaged neural tissue
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 43

Small,wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

A)astrocytes.
B)satellite cells.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)microglia.
E)ependymal cells.

Question 44

In the peripheral nervous system,Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

A)producing new axons.
B)regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
C)forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
D)clearing away cellular debris.
E)producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.

Question 45

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

A)astrocytes.
B)satellite cells.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)microglia.
E)ependymal cells.

Question 46

After a stroke,what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region?

A)Schwann cells
B)satellite cells
C)oligodendrocytes
D)microglia
E)ependymal cells

Question 47

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

A)formation of myelin sheaths.
B)formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
C)formation of ganglia.
D)repair of axons.
E)transport of neurotransmitters within axons.

Question 48

When pressure is applied to neural tissue,all of the following effects are possible except

A)a decrease in blood flow.
B)a decrease in available oxygen.
C)a change in neuron excitability
D)glial cells degenerate.
E)neurons are triggered to divide.

Question 49

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in

A)loss of the structural framework of the brain.
B)a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
C)inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an injury.
D)decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid.
E)loss of sensation and motor control.

Question 50

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are

A)astrocytes.
B)satellite cells.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)microglia.
E)ependymal cells.

Question 51

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

A)astrocytes.
B)satellite cells.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)microglia.
E)ependymal cells.

Question 52

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

A)astrocytes
B)satellite cells
C)oligodendrocytes
D)microglia
E)ependymal cells

Question 53

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

A)astrocytes.
B)satellite cells.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)microglia.
E)Schwann cells.

Question 54

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except

A)maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
B)conducting action potentials.
C)guiding neuron development.
D)responding to neural tissue damage.
E)forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

Question 55

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

A)Axons
B)Dendrites
C)Neuroglia
D)Synapses
E)Efferent fibers

Question 56

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

A)oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons.
B)the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.
C)the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules.
D)ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons.
E)astrocytes form a capsule around neurons.

Question 57

The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the

A)astrocytes.
B)ependymal cells.
C)microglia.
D)oligodendrocytes.
E)Schwann cells.

Question 58

At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron,its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports

A)1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
B)2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
C)3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
D)3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
E)3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.

Question 59

Which of the following is not true regarding the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?

A)Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.
B)Electrical forces push sodium ions into the cell.
C)The chemical gradient for potassium ions tends to drive them out of the cell.
D)Ion pumps in the plasma membrane eject sodium ions as fast as they cross the membrane.
E)Resting membrane permeability to Na⁺ is very low.

Question 60

Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels.

A)active
B)gated
C)leak
D)regulated
E)local

Question 61

If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion,

A)the membrane will depolarize to threshold.
B)a stronger stimulus will be required to cause an action potential.
C)the membrane will depolarize to +30 mV.
D)sodium ions will enter the cell to replace the lost potassium ions.
E)the inside of the membrane will have a positive charge.

Question 62

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.
1)Sodium channels are inactivated.
2)Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell,initiating repolarization.
3)Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
4)A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
5)A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
6)Sodium channel activation occurs.
7)Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.
What is the proper sequence of these events?

A)4,6,7,3,2,5,1
B)4,6,7,1,2,3,5
C)6,7,4,1,2,3,5
D)2,4,6,7,1,3,5
E)4,2,5,6,7,3,1

Question 63

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

A)diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
B)diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
C)membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
D)membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
E)The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

Question 64

The equilibrium potential for potassium ion occurs at approximately

A)-90 mV.
B)-70 mV.
C)+66 mV.
D)0 mV.
E)+30 mV.

Question 65

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.

A)Leak channels
B)Activated channels
C)Chemically gated channels
D)Voltage-gated channels
E)Voltage-gated and chemically gated channels

Question 66

Graded potentials

A)produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.
B)produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.
C)may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.
D)are often all-or-none.
E)cause repolarization.

Question 67

Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?

A)through voltage-gated channels as in the action potential
B)through passive or leak channels
C)by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump
D)through chemically gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 68

Voltage-gated channels are present

A)at the motor end plate.
B)on the surface of dendrites.
C)in the membrane that covers axons.
D)on the soma of neurons.
E)along the perikaryon of neurons.

Question 69

The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump

A)must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential.
B)transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization.
C)transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization.
D)moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.
E)depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy.

Question 70

A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is a(n)________ stimulus.

A)excitatory
B)depolarizing
C)temporal
D)saltatory
E)inhibitory

Question 71

When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,

A)the inside of the membrane will become more positive.
B)the inside of the membrane will become more negative.
C)there will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential.
D)the membrane will become depolarized.
E)the membrane will depolarize to threshold.

Question 72

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n)________ gate.

A)inactivation
B)ion
C)swinging
D)repolarization
E)threshold

Question 73

If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,

A)the membrane potential will repolarize.
B)the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.
C)inward movement of sodium ion will increase.
D)outward movement of sodium ion will decrease.
E)inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize.

Question 74

Any stimulus that opens a ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.

A)voltage-gated
B)chemically gated
C)sodium
D)mechanically gated
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

Integral membrane proteins that connect electrical synapses are called

A)connexons.
B)receptors.
C)desmosomes.
D)sodium channels.
E)synapsins.

Question 76

If acetylcholine (ACh)causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron,to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?

A)mechanically-regulated channel
B)voltage-regulated sodium channel
C)voltage-regulated calcium channel
D)chemically-regulated potassium channel
E)chemically-regulated sodium channel

Question 77

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes

A)depolarization.
B)repolarization.
C)hyperpolarization.
D)increased negative charge inside the membrane.
E)inhibition.

Question 78

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function,all of the following occur except

A)the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.
B)the neuron will slowly depolarize.
C)the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials.
D)the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
E)the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.

Question 79

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.

A)Voltage-gated
B)Chemically gated
C)Active
D)Mechanically gated
E)Leak

Question 80

Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have what effect?

A)depolarize it
B)hyperpolarize it
C)increase the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential
D)decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential
E)both hyperpolarize it and decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential