Deck 13: The Spinal Cord, spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

Question 1

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

A)axons of motor neurons.
B)axons of sensory neurons.
C)cell bodies of motor neurons.
D)cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E)synapses.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

A)peripheral
B)somatic
C)central
D)autonomic
E)afferent

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

A)axons of motor neurons.
B)axons of sensory neurons.
C)cell bodies of motor neurons.
D)cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E)interneurons.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A)filum terminale.
B)subarachnoid space.
C)dura mater.
D)pia mater.
E)arachnoid mater.

Question 5

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

A)conus medullaris
B)filum terminale
C)cauda equina
D)dorsal root
E)ventral root

Question 6

A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

A)cervical enlargement.
B)lumbar enlargement.
C)spinal nerve.
D)spinal meninx.
E)spinal ganglion.

Question 7

In meningitis,

A)inflammation of the meninges occurs.
B)bacteria can be the cause.
C)viruses can be the cause.
D)CSF flow can be disrupted.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

A)axons of motor neurons.
B)axons of sensory neurons.
C)cell bodies of motor neurons.
D)cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E)interneurons.

Question 9

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

A)cranial meninges.
B)cranial mater.
C)spinal meninges.
D)spinal mater.
E)epidural membranes.

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block?

A)It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.
B)It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.
C)It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia,depending on the anesthetic selected.
D)It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia,depending on the anesthetic selected.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ segments.

A)five
B)twelve
C)twenty-five
D)thirty-one
E)The number varies widely among individuals.

Question 12

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

A)dura mater.
B)arachnoid mater.
C)epidural space.
D)subarachnoid space.
E)cerebral ventricles.

Question 13

The tough,fibrous,outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

A)arachnoid.
B)pia mater.
C)dura mater.
D)epidural block.
E)periosteum.

Question 14

After age ________,the vertebral column continues to elongate,but the spinal cord itself does not.

A)8
B)12
C)18
D)4
E)1

Question 15

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

A)output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.
B)output to visceral organs would be blocked.
C)the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.
D)the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord.
E)sensory input would be blocked.

Question 16

The subdural space lies between

A)the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
B)the pia mater and the dura mater.
C)the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
D)the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.
E)the endosteum and the periosteum.

Question 17

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

A)pia mater.
B)dura mater.
C)epidural space.
D)subdural space.
E)subarachnoid space.

Question 18

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

A)dura mater.
B)subarachnoid space.
C)arachnoid.
D)pia mater.
E)choroid plexus.

Question 19

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age

A)20 years.
B)10 years.
C)4 years.
D)6 months.
E)2 months.

Question 20

Spinal nerves are

A)purely sensory.
B)purely motor.
C)both sensory and motor.
D)interneuronal.
E)involuntary.

Question 21

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the

A)endoneurium.
B)endomysium.
C)perineurium.
D)epineurium.
E)epimysium.

Question 22

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

A)unmyelinated axons.
B)neuroglia.
C)Schwann cells.
D)myelinated axons.
E)nodes of Ranvier.

Question 23

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)nerve tracts.
B)columns.
C)meninges.
D)neuron cell bodies.
E)funiculi.

Question 24

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

A)anterior gray horns.
B)lateral gray horns.
C)posterior gray horns.
D)gray commissures.
E)white commissures.

Question 25

In an adult,the conus medullaris is found at about

A)T₆.
B)T₁₀.
C)L₁.
D)L₅.
E)C₁.

Question 26

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)sensory nuclei.
B)somatic motor nuclei.
C)autonomic motor nuclei.
D)nerve tracts.
E)sympathetic nuclei.

Question 27

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord.As a result,which of the following would you expect?

A)loss of sensation in his torso
B)inability to breathe
C)problems with moving his arms
D)uncontrollable sweating of his feet
E)problems moving his legs

Question 28

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled " 1."

A)anterior white column
B)lateral white column
C)lateral white horn
D)median commissure
E)posterior white column

Question 29

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

A)white rami communicantes.
B)gray rami communicantes.
C)dorsal ramus.
D)ventral ramus.
E)dermatomes.

Question 30

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "14"?

A)control of skeletal muscle
B)somatic sensory processing
C)control of visceral effectors
D)somatic motor control
E)visceral sensory processing

Question 31

In the spinal cord,white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

A)nuclei.
B)ganglia.
C)columns.
D)nerves.
E)horns.

Question 32

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "10."

A)anterior white commissure
B)anterior median fissure
C)anterior white column
D)anterior gray commissure
E)anterior white horn

Question 33

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Where do somatic motor neurons reside?

A)10
B)12
C)13
D)14
E)15

Question 34

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A)posterior gray column
B)dorsal gray ganglion
C)posterior white column
D)posterior gray horn
E)anterior gray horn

Question 35

Into what spinal area would one inject a chemical whose purpose is to anesthetize the patient?

A)the subarachnoid space
B)the central canal
C)the subdural space
D)the epidural space
E)the venous dural sinus

Question 36

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

A)control of skeletal muscle
B)somatic sensory receiving
C)visceral sensory receiving
D)control of visceral effectors
E)ascending pathway

Question 37

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

A)central canal.
B)posterior gray horns.
C)gray commissures.
D)white columns.
E)anterior gray horns.

Question 38

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord,seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections,are called

A)wings.
B)horns.
C)pyramids.
D)fibers.
E)tracts.

Question 39

The white matter of the spinal cord contains

A)bundles of axons with common origins,destinations,and functions.
B)bundles of dendrites with common origins,destinations,and functions.
C)sensory and motor nuclei.
D)both axons and dendrites.
E)interneurons.

Question 40

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A)sensory nuclei.
B)somatic motor nuclei.
C)autonomic motor nuclei.
D)nerve tracts.
E)sympathetic nuclei.

Question 41

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are

A)white rami communicantes.
B)gray rami communicantes.
C)dorsal ramus.
D)ventral ramus.
E)dermatomes.

Question 42

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

A)shoulder
B)intercostal
C)abdominal
D)leg
E)facial

Question 43

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

A)cranial
B)cervical
C)brachial
D)lumbar
E)sacral

Question 44

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

A)lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.
B)interfere with position sense.
C)mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.
D)block autonomic regulation.
E)affect visceral motor function.

Question 45

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

A)cervical
B)brachial
C)lumbar
D)sacral
E)thoracic

Question 46

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

A)perineurium.
B)epineurium.
C)endoneurium.
D)epimysium.
E)endosteum.

Question 47

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface,structures in the body wall,and the limbs.

A)white rami communicantes
B)gray rami communicantes
C)dorsal ramus
D)ventral ramus
E)dermatomes

Question 48

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

A)8 cervical spinal nerves
B)11 thoracic spinal nerves
C)5 lumbar spinal nerves
D)5 sacral spinal nerves
E)1 coccygeal spinal nerve

Question 49

The ventral rami form four major plexuses,including all of the following except the ________ plexus.

A)brachial
B)lumbar
C)sacral
D)nuchal
E)cervical

Question 50

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve.

A)saphenous
B)sciatic
C)femoral
D)obturator
E)genitofemoral

Question 51

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

A)endoneurium.
B)perineurium.
C)aponeurium.
D)metaneurium.
E)subneurium.

Question 52

If a person has a crush injury to the C₃-C₅ spinal segments,you would expect that he

A)might be unable to breathe on his own.
B)could walk without difficulty.
C)would have full range of motion in all extremities.
D)would be in a coma.
E)would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

Question 53

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region.

A)cervical
B)thoracic
C)lumbar
D)sacral
E)coccygeal

Question 54

The ________ nerve,which arises in the cervical plexus,innervates the diaphragm.

A)ansa cervicalis
B)lesser occipital
C)radial
D)phrenic
E)sciatic

Question 55

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee,it divides into two branches,the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

A)perineal
B)femoral
C)brachial
D)pudendal
E)sciatic

Question 56

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

A)white ramus communicantes
B)gray ramus communicantes
C)dorsal ramus
D)ventral ramus
E)dermatome

Question 57

The complex,interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

A)dermatome.
B)autonomic nerve.
C)lateral nerve.
D)tract.
E)plexus.

Question 58

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are

A)dorsal rami.
B)ventral rami.
C)white rami.
D)gray rami.
E)sympathetic nerves.

Question 59

The obturator nerve is distributed to the

A)adductors of the hip.
B)skin over the perineum.
C)extensors of the hip.
D)skin over buttocks.
E)biceps femoris.

Question 60

In the condition ________,a virus infects dorsal root ganglia,causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

A)myasthenia gravis
B)neuronal damage
C)shingles
D)chickenpox
E)Hodgkin's disease

Question 61

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

A)a crossed extensor reflex.
B)a stretch reflex.
C)a tendon reflex.
D)reciprocal inhibition.
E)reverberating circuits.

Question 62

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Which branch carries motor neurons to structures on the back of the body trunk?

A)1
B)2
C)5
D)7
E)11

Question 63

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except

A)convergent.
B)divergent.
C)multipolar.
D)reverberating.
E)parallel processing.

Question 64

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A)spinal nerve
B)gray ramus
C)white ramus
D)dorsal ramus
E)ventral ramus

Question 65

You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food.The waiter brings a very hot plate,telling you to be careful about touching it.You touch it anyway,producing a pain sensation in your fingers,a withdrawal of your hand,and an auditory comment of what you are thinking.This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit.

A)parallel
B)reverberation
C)serial
D)convergent
E)consensual

Question 66

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they

A)are found within skeletal muscle.
B)consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.
C)are found in tendons.
D)are the receptor for the stretch reflex.
E)are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

Question 67

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except

A)their development.
B)where information processing occurs.
C)the motor response.
D)the complexity of the neural circuit.
E)whether they are sensory or motor.

Question 68

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A)spinal nerve
B)gray ramus
C)white ramus
D)dorsal ramus
E)ventral ramus

Question 69

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A)ventral root
B)dorsal ramus
C)spinal nerve
D)ventral ramus
E)white ramus

Question 70

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

A)stretch
B)tendon
C)flexor
D)crossed extensor
E)reciprocal

Question 71

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A)autonomic nerve
B)autonomic ganglion
C)rami communicantes
D)dorsal root ganglion
E)ventral root

Question 72

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

A)somatic motor control
B)visceral motor control
C)somatic sensory input
D)visceral sensory input
E)sensory receptor for pain

Question 73

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury.She has lost feeling in her lower body.Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord.Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

A)the anterior gray horns
B)the anterior gray commissures
C)ascending tracts
D)descending tracts
E)the anterior white commissures

Question 74

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the

A)radial.
B)median.
C)ulnar.
D)musculocutaneous.
E)phrenic.

Question 75

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A)peripheral nerve
B)dorsal ramus
C)spinal nerve
D)ventral root
E)dorsal root

Question 76

In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?

A)4
B)6
C)5
D)10
E)12

Question 77

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the type of connection inside the structure labeled "3."

A)preganglionic neuron
B)postganglionic neuron
C)somatic motor neuron
D)sensory neuron
E)interneuron

Question 78

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A)autonomic nerve
B)sympathetic ganglion
C)dorsal root ganglion
D)rami communicantes
E)ventral root

Question 79

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

A)are automatic motor responses.
B)are the simplest form of behavior.
C)help preserve homeostasis.
D)cannot be modified by the brain.
E)involve at least two neurons.

Question 80

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

A)visceral
B)innate
C)acquired
D)somatic
E)vegetative