Deck 17: The Special Senses

Question 1

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate.They synapse on neurons in the

A)medulla oblongata.
B)medial geniculate.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)olfactory bulb.
E)olfactory tract.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant,it has to

A)contact a basal cell.
B)bind to receptors in olfactory cilia.
C)open ion channels.
D)respond to applied pressure.
E)be transported to the olfactory bulbs.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

A)frontal lobe
B)cerebellum
C)parietal lobe
D)cerebrum
E)medulla oblongata

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Taste buds are monitored by which cranial nerve(s)?

A)glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
B)vagus nerve (X)
C)facial nerve (VII)
D)trigeminal nerve (V)
E)facial nerve (VII),vagus nerve (X),and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Question 5

How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor?

A)It would increase sodium permeability.
B)It would open chemically-gated sodium channels.
C)It would depolarize the olfactory receptor.
D)It could trigger an afferent action potential.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

A)sweet
B)peppery
C)sour
D)salty
E)umami

Question 7

Gustatory receptors are located

A)in the eye.
B)in the ear.
C)on the surface of the tongue.
D)in the nose.
E)on the skin.

Question 8

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

A)light receptors in the eye.
B)mechanoreceptors in the ear.
C)olfactory receptors.
D)lamellated corpuscles.
E)Meissner corpuscles.

Question 9

Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerve would result in

A)inability to sense sweetness at the tip of your tongue.
B)a reduction in ability to identify sour and bitter foods.
C)anosmia,also called nose blindness.
D)perceiving taste sensations where is no real stimulus.
E)identifying all foods as too salty.

Question 10

Olfactory glands

A)house the sense of smell.
B)support the olfactory epithelium.
C)react to aromatic molecules.
D)coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.
E)group as olfactory bulbs.

Question 11

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

A)portions of the larynx
B)anterior tip of the tongue
C)portions of the pharynx
D)surface of the tongue
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of olfactory discrimination?

A)There are 6 primary smells known.
B)The number of olfactory receptors decline as we age.
C)All odorants require the same concentration to activate an olfactory receptor.
D)There are different types of olfactory receptor cells to detect each type of odorant.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

All of the following are terms describing the epithelial projections found on the tongue except ________ papillae.

A)fungiform
B)circumvallate
C)filiform
D)gustatory
E)lingual

Question 14

Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds?

A)pharynx
B)larynx
C)filiform papillae
D)fungiform papillae
E)circumvallate papillae

Question 15

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food.You should expect damage to cranial nerve

A)VII.
B)III.
C)IX.
D)V)
E)XII.

Question 16

Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

A)intensely sweet.
B)intensely sour.
C)quite salty.
D)peppery hot.
E)bitter.

Question 17

A normal,relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs.

A)50 percent
B)8 percent
C)2 percent
D)35 percent
E)10 percent

Question 18

An adult has approximately ________ taste buds.

A)100
B)5,000
C)4,000,000
D)300
E)30,000

Question 19

All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except which one?

A)They project first to the occipital lobes and then to the thalamus.
B)Neurons from the olfactory epithelium synapse in the olfactory bulb.
C)Information flows to the olfactory cortex,hypothalamus,and limbic system.
D)They reach the forebrain without first synapsing in the thalamus.
E)The limbic system-olfactory pathway connection means that there are close ties between experiences and memories with smell.

Question 20

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons.Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

A)olfaction
B)hearing
C)equilibrium
D)proprioception
E)vision

Question 21

In the human eye,most refraction occurs when light passes through the

A)iris.
B)cornea.
C)lens.
D)aqueous humor.
E)vitreous humor.

Question 22

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

A)pupillary sphincter muscles.
B)pupillary radial muscles.
C)ciliary muscles.
D)iris.
E)cornea.

Question 23

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)iris.
D)pupil.
E)canal of Schlemm.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of the vascular tunic of the eye?

A)provides a route for blood vessels that supply tissues of the eye
B)regulates the amount of light entering the eye
C)secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor
D)controls the shape of the lens
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as

A)sweet.
B)umami.
C)salty.
D)peppery.
E)sour.

Question 26

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)pupil.
D)anterior chamber.
E)posterior chamber.

Question 27

Which of the following is false concerning lacrimal glands?

A)They produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.
B)They produce most of the volume of tears.
C)They produce lysozyme.
D)They produce watery,slightly alkaline secretions.
E)They are located in recesses in the frontal bones.

Question 28

The neural tunic of the eye

A)contains ganglion cells.
B)contains the photoreceptor cells.
C)contains bipolar cells.
D)is the deepest layer of the eyeball.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

The palpebrae are connected at the

A)eyelids.
B)canthus.
C)lacrimal caruncle.
D)chalazion.
E)conjunctiva.

Question 30

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

A)moving up and down.
B)moving in and out.
C)changing shape.
D)opening and closing.
E)dilating and constricting.

Question 31

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

A)anterior chamber.
B)posterior chamber.
C)canal of Schlemm.
D)aqueous humor.
E)pupil.

Question 32

The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the

A)conjunctiva.
B)cornea.
C)iris.
D)pupil.
E)canthus.

Question 33

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.

A)conjunctiva
B)cornea
C)iris
D)anterior chamber
E)canthus

Question 34

A structure that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

A)palpebra.
B)lacrimal caruncle.
C)chalazion.
D)Meibomian gland.
E)conjunctiva.

Question 35

The palpebrae

A)are controlled by a cranial nerve.
B)contain tarsal glands.
C)cover and protect the eye.
D)are lined with a conjunctiva.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye except that it

A)consists of the sclera,limbus,and cornea.
B)provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye.
C)produces aqueous humor.
D)contributes substantial focusing power.
E)is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.

Question 37

The vitreous body

A)fills the posterior chamber.
B)helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.
C)is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age.
D)circulates through the pupil.
E)holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.

Question 38

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

A)aqueous humor
B)ciliary body
C)iris
D)extrinsic eye muscles
E)None; the lens is rigid.

Question 39

The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the

A)anterior chamber.
B)posterior chamber.
C)pupil.
D)canal of Schlemm.
E)vitreous body.

Question 40

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

A)palpebra
B)lacrimal caruncle
C)chalazion
D)tarsal gland
E)conjunctiva

Question 41

During accommodation,the ciliary muscle ________ and the suspensory ligaments become ________ which,in turn,cause the lens to become ________.

A)contracts; loose; flat
B)relaxes; loose; flat
C)contracts; tight; round
D)contracts; loose; round
E)relaxes; tight; flat

Question 42

The optic disc is a blind spot because

A)there are no photoreceptors in that area.
B)the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc.
C)humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.
D)the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.
E)the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.

Question 43

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the space labeled " 1."

A)posterior cavity
B)posterior chamber
C)pupil
D)anterior chamber
E)vitreous chamber

Question 44

During accommodation,the ciliary muscle ________ causing the ciliary body to move ________ and apply ________ tension on the lens.

A)relaxes; forward; more
B)contracts; forward; less
C)contracts; back; more
D)relaxes; inward; less
E)contracts; back; less

Question 45

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor?

A)gelatinous fluid that fills anterior chamber
B)secreted in bright light
C)excessive production may lead to glaucoma
D)converts to vitreous humor with age
E)provides the liquid component of lacrimal secretions

Question 46

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

A)outer segment.
B)inner segment.
C)fovea.
D)optic disc.
E)tapetum lucidum.

Question 47

The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the

A)vitreous humor.
B)aqueous humor.
C)ora serrata.
D)perilymph.
E)posterior cavity.

Question 48

The ciliary muscle contracts to

A)control the amount of light reaching the retina.
B)adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision.
C)adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.
D)control the production of aqueous humor.
E)adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous.

Question 49

Trace the circulation of aqueous humor from the site of production to the site of where it is reabsorbed.
1)posterior chamber
2)anterior chamber
3)ciliary body
4)canal of Schlemm
5)pupil

A)4,3,1,5,2
B)2,1,5,3,4
C)1,3,4,5,2
D)3,1,5,2,4
E)5,2,4,1,3

Question 50

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?

A)vitreous body
B)cornea
C)ciliary muscle
D)iris
E)lens

Question 51

Which of the following is a function of tears?

A)lubricate the eye
B)wash away debris
C)provide oxygen
D)nourish the cornea and conjunctiva
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

Why must accommodation occur to view objects closer than 20 feet from the eye?

A)The light rays are convergent and must be bent more.
B)It moves the retina into position to focus on the close object.
C)The light rays are divergent instead of parallel and require more refraction.
D)The iris is too dilated causing the light rays to be out of focus.
E)None of the answers are correct.Accommodation occurs when looking at distant objects 20 feet or farther from the eye.

Question 53

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?

A)conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina
B)vitreous body → retina → choroids → aqueous humor → lens → conjunctiva → cornea
C)cornea → aqueous humor → vitreous body → lens → conjunctiva → choroids → retina
D)conjunctiva → cornea → lens → aqueous humor → vitreous body → retina
E)cornea → aqueous humor → conjunctiva → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid

Question 54

Which of the following is true concerning a sty?

A)often caused by bacteria
B)is a blocked gland on the eyelid
C)may involve a sebaceous gland
D)may involve a tarsal gland
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

Which of the following description applies to the term myopia?

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)normal vision
D)astigmatism
E)age-related decline in accommodation

Question 56

If your vision is 20/15,this means that you can see

A)20-point type at 15 feet.
B)objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet.
C)objects at 15 feet that individuals with eye problems see at 20 feet.
D)all 15 eye chart letters from 20 feet.
E)objects that are 20 feet or less away.

Question 57

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS.Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________,and sympathetic activation causes ________.

A)dilation; constriction
B)dilation; dilation
C)constriction; dilation
D)constriction; constriction
E)vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction

Question 58

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A)suspensory ligaments
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)pupil

Question 59

The cornea is part of the

A)iris.
B)fibrous tunic.
C)neural tunic.
D)uvea.
E)choroid.

Question 60

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "7."

A)choroid
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)retina
E)cornea

Question 61

In the light-adapted state,

A)photoreceptors are much more sensitive to stimulation.
B)photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation.
C)we can only see color,and not black and white.
D)we would see better in the dark.
E)colors are dull.

Question 62

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because

A)the breakdown of rhodopsin to opsin occurs slowly.
B)the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
C)rods exposed to strong light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
D)rhodopsin does not function in dim light.
E)only cones function in dim light.

Question 63

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "14."

A)pupil
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)suspensory ligaments

Question 64

Which of the following is true about rhodopsin?

A)called visual purple
B)bleached during photoreception
C)the visual pigment in rods
D)consists of opsin + retinal
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 65

The external acoustic meatus ends at the

A)tympanic membrane.
B)auditory ossicles.
C)cochlea.
D)pinna.
E)vestibule.

Question 66

A sudden increase of light into the eye would cause

A)contraction of the sphincter pupillary muscles.
B)contraction of the radial pupillary muscles.
C)conversion of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal.
D)a decrease in the size of the pupil.
E)parasympathetic stimulation to the pupil.

Question 67

The first step in the process of photoreception is

A)the bleaching of rods.
B)the bleaching of cones.
C)absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
D)inhibition of the sodium pumps.
E)release of neurotransmitter.

Question 68

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "12."

A)pupil
B)optic disc
C)sclera
D)fovea
E)retina

Question 69

There are three different types of cones,each one sensitive to different light energies.These cones are designated

A)red,yellow,blue.
B)red,green,blue.
C)red,green,yellow.
D)yellow,red,blue.
E)red,white,blue.

Question 70

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally,we perceive

A)red.
B)blue.
C)green.
D)white.
E)blackness.

Question 71

Which of the following anatomical sequences is correct?

A)tympanum incus malleus stapes oval window round window
B)tympanum incus malleus stapes round window oval window
C)tympanum malleus incus stapes oval window round window
D)tympanum incus stapes malleus oval window round window
E)tympanum malleus incus stapes round window oval window

Question 72

A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is

A)retinal.
B)opsin.
C)rhodopsin.
D)transducin.
E)cGMP.

Question 73

The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light.What is the proper sequence for these steps?
1)Membrane sodium channels close.
2)Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP.
3)Retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form.
4)The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines.
5)Opsin activates transducin.
6)Opsin activation occurs.

A)1,6,5,2,4,3
B)3,6,5,2,1,4
C)6,3,5,2,1,4
D)3,6,5,1,2,4
E)1,3,4,5,6,2

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the retina is true?

A)Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II.
B)Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus.
C)It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light.
D)Cones and rods are not equally distributed across the retina.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 75

The cell of the retina that produces an action potential that goes to the brain is a(n)

A)bipolar cell.
B)photoreceptor.
C)ganglion cell.
D)amacrine cell.
E)horizontal cell.

Question 76

When a rod is stimulated by light,

A)the plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized.
B)the retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form.
C)less neurotransmitter is released.
D)cGMP decreases and sodium channels close.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 77

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear,which contains auditory ossicles.

A)inner; middle
B)outer; middle
C)outer; inner
D)middle; inner
E)superficial; deep

Question 78

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?

A)under normal room light
B)in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes
C)immediately after going outside in bright sunlight
D)focusing intently on a close object
E)focusing intently on a distant object

Question 79

Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones?

A)in the inner segment of photoreceptors
B)in mitochondria located in the outer segment
C)inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment
D)inside a photosensitive nucleus
E)sandwiched in the cell membrane of the photoreceptors

Question 80

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

A)retinal.
B)opsin.
C)rhodopsin.
D)transducin.
E)cGMP.