Deck 18: The Endocrine System

Question 1

A hormone might

A)alter a membrane channel by changing its shape,thereby affecting what can go through it.
B)depolarize a skeletal muscle cell.
C)interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse.
D)inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell.
E)block the production of a cell membrane.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why is it that steroid hormones use receptors inside of target cells,whereas protein,peptide,and amino acid hormones do not?

A)Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids and the membrane is lipid.
B)Amino acids and peptide hormones do not have a 3 dimensional structure that can bind to internal receptors.
C)Cells are full of steroid molecules so it is easy for steroid molecules to enter.
D)The target cells affected by steroid hormones have all of their receptors in the cell cytoplasm.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Endocrine cells

A)are a type of nerve cell.
B)release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
C)release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.
D)contain few vesicles.
E)are modified connective-tissue cells.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following are true of the nervous system except that it does not

A)respond rapidly to stimuli.
B)respond specifically to stimuli.
C)communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
D)respond with motor output.
E)function independently of the endocrine system.

Question 5

Calcium ions serve as messengers,often in combination with the intracellular protein

A)calcitonin.
B)calcitriol.
C)calmodulin.
D)calcium-binding globulin.
E)calcitropin.

Question 6

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n)________ organ.

A)endocrine
B)cardiovascular
C)renal
D)muscular
E)hepatic

Question 7

An activated G protein can trigger

A)the activation of adenyl cyclase.
B)the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
C)the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
D)a fall in cAMP levels.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

A)Hormones
B)Neuropeptides
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Humoral antibodies
E)Antigens

Question 9

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

A)phosphorylation.
B)as a membrane channel.
C)active transport.
D)protein synthesis.
E)as an antibody.

Question 10

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry.These categories include

A)peptides.
B)steroids.
C)eicosanoids.
D)amino acid derivatives.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

A)lipids.
B)peptides.
C)steroids.
D)derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
E)derivatives of reproductive glands.

Question 12

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

A)are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
B)are derived from cholesterol.
C)are produced by reproductive glands.
D)bind to receptors within the cell.
E)are lipids.

Question 13

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

A)insulin
B)ACTH
C)epinephrine
D)cyclic AMP
E)TSH

Question 14

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).

A)one
B)two
C)hypothalamic
D)gonadotropic
E)tropic

Question 15

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

A)catecholamines
B)peptide hormones
C)eicosanoids
D)thyroid
E)catecholamines,peptide hormones,and eicosanoids

Question 16

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,the

A)hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B)cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C)second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D)cell becomes inactive.
E)hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

Question 17

Steroid hormones

A)are proteins.
B)cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C)bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D)act on target cells by turning on genes.
E)are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

Question 18

Peptide hormones are

A)composed of amino acids.
B)produced by the suprarenal glands.
C)derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D)lipids.
E)chemically related to cholesterol.

Question 19

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

A)epinephrine.
B)norepinephrine.
C)thyroid hormone.
D)testosterone.
E)melatonin.

Question 20

Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.

A)cellular
B)tissue
C)organ
D)organismic
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

A)FSH.
B)TSH.
C)ACTH.
D)GH.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

A)dwarfism.
B)rickets.
C)gigantism.
D)acromegaly.
E)diabetes insipidus.

Question 23

All target cells

A)have hormone receptors.
B)respond to electrical signals.
C)secrete hormones.
D)produce their own hormones.
E)are in the blood.

Question 24

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A)thyroid gland.
B)pancreas.
C)suprarenal glands.
D)hypothalamus.
E)thymus gland.

Question 25

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

A)CRF and GnRH.
B)TSH and FSH.
C)ADH and oxytocin.
D)FSH and PRL.
E)GHIH and GHRH.

Question 26

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A)adenyl cyclase is activated.
B)cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C)G proteins are phosphylated.
D)gene transcription is initiated.
E)protein kinases are activated.

Question 27

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed,the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

A)TSH
B)ACTH
C)PRL
D)ADH and OXT
E)TSH,ACTH,PRL

Question 28

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

A)direct neural stimulation.
B)indirect osmotic control.
C)secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
D)altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E)gap synaptic junctions.

Question 29

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?

A)loss of ADH secretion
B)loss of GH secretion
C)loss of melatonin secretion
D)loss of emotional response
E)loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

Question 30

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing,which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

A)growth hormone
B)glucagon
C)cortisol
D)thyroxine
E)leptin

Question 31

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

A)ATP is consumed.
B)cAMP is formed.
C)cAMP is broken down.
D)ATP is produced.
E)ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Question 32

The primary function of ADH is to

A)increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B)decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
C)decrease blood pressure.
D)increase digestive absorption.
E)delay urination.

Question 33

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A)cAMP.
B)cGMP.
C)adenyl cyclase.
D)a G protein.
E)calcium ion levels.

Question 34

The hypophyseal portal system

A)is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B)has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
C)carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
D)carries ADH and oxytocin.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

A)blood level of an ion like calcium
B)blood level of glucose
C)blood level of a hormone
D)nervous stimuli
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is

A)increased water conservation by kidneys.
B)to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin.
C)increase urine output to remove excess fluid.
D)increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption.
E)inhibition of aldosterone.

Question 37

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

A)ACTH.
B)ADH.
C)oxytocin.
D)TSH.
E)LH.

Question 38

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

A)quantities of enzymes.
B)activities of enzymes.
C)synthesis of enzymes.
D)gating of ion channels.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s)to extracellular receptors?

A)insulin
B)epinephrine
C)cortisol
D)calcitriol
E)insulin and epinephrine

Question 40

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

A)testosterone.
B)estrogen.
C)thyroid hormone.
D)cAMP.
E)progesterone.

Question 41

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A)cortisol
B)parathyroid hormone
C)insulin
D)growth hormone
E)epinephrine

Question 42

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

A)ACTH.
B)MSH.
C)prolactin.
D)insulin.
E)somatotropin.

Question 43

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

A)polyuria.
B)polydipsia.
C)hematuria.
D)glycosuria.
E)diabetes insipidis.

Question 44

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

A)TSH.
B)FSH.
C)MSH.
D)STH.
E)ADH.

Question 45

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)growth hormone.
D)FSH.
E)prolactin.

Question 46

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 47

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 48

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A)gonadotrophins.
B)prostaglandins.
C)hepatic hormones.
D)somatomedins.
E)glucocorticoids.

Question 49

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9
E)16

Question 50

Growth hormone does all of the following except

A)promote bone growth.
B)promote muscle growth.
C)speed up metabolism.
D)spare glucose.
E)promote amino acid uptake by cells.

Question 51

The hormone oxytocin

A)promotes uterine contractions.
B)is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C)triggers prostate gland contraction.
D)is produced in the hypothalamus.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

After brain surgery,a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine.The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones.Which one?

A)aldosterone
B)epinephrine
C)renin
D)ADH
E)cortisol

Question 53

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A)FSH.
B)TSH.
C)ACTH.
D)ADH.
E)MSH.

Question 54

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)is secreted by the human pars intermedia

A)during pregnancy.
B)in very young children.
C)during fetal development.
D)in some disease processes.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except

A)FSH.
B)oxytocin.
C)TSH.
D)corticotropin.
E)somatotropin.

Question 56

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 57

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A)TSH.
B)ACTH.
C)FSH.
D)LH.
E)GH.

Question 58

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A)FSH.
B)ADH.
C)TSH.
D)MSH.
E)ACTH.

Question 59

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

A)prostate
B)ductus deferens
C)mammary glands
D)uterus
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 60

PRL is to ________ as ADH is to ________.

A)prolactin; vasopressin
B)oxytocin; mammotropin
C)gonadotropin; mammotropin
D)oxytocin; cortisol

Question 61

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled " 1."

A)mineralocorticoid
B)cortisol
C)dopamine
D)ACTH
E)aldosterone

Question 62

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

A)hyperthyroidism.
B)hypothyroidism.
C)hyperparathyroidism.
D)hypoparathyroidism.
E)diabetes insipidus.

Question 63

The hormone(s)that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

A)oxytocin.
B)prolactin.
C)luteinizing hormone.
D)none; only extra fluids are needed.
E)both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Question 64

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

A)sodium
B)iodine
C)potassium
D)iron
E)colloid

Question 65

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

A)inhibition
B)synthesis
C)release
D)inhibition and secretion
E)synthesis and release

Question 66

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

A)thyroxine.
B)TSH.
C)calcitonin.
D)PTH.
E)triiodothyronine.

Question 67

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

A)alpha cells
B)osteoclasts
C)osteoblasts
D)C cells
E)All cells in the body,especially cartilage,bone,and muscle cells.

Question 68

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too

A)much insulin.
B)little TSH.
C)much ACTH.
D)much androgen production.
E)little glucagon.

Question 69

The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.

A)endocrine
B)pancreatic
C)homeostatic
D)hepatic
E)vascular

Question 70

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "5."

A)thyroid-releasing hormone
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone
C)thyroxine
D)thyrotropin
E)parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 71

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "4."

A)thyroid-releasing hormone
B)thyroid-stimulating hormone
C)thyroxin
D)thyrotropin
E)calcitonin

Question 72

Thyroid hormone contains the element

A)fluorine.
B)chlorine.
C)iron.
D)iodine.
E)zinc.

Question 73

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

A)hypothyroidism.
B)cretinism.
C)myxedema.
D)high blood levels of TSH.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 74

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

A)in lysosomes
B)in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C)in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
D)in pinocytotic vesicles
E)in apical microvilli

Question 75

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

A)thymosin
B)calcitonin
C)PTH
D)aldosterone
E)cortisol

Question 76

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A)parathyroid hormone.
B)thyroxine.
C)calcitonin.
D)glucagon.
E)oxytocin.

Question 77

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

A)somatotropin.
B)thyroxine.
C)calcitonin.
D)parathyroid hormone.
E)glucagon.

Question 78

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

A)increased oxygen consumption
B)increased heart rate
C)increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation
D)increased body temperature
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 79

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "13."

A)LH
B)progesterone
C)estrogen
D)oxytocin
E)testosterone

Question 80

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

A)3
B)7
C)2
D)8
E)14