Deck 9: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Ecosystem Approach

Question 1

Fairly diverse second- and third-growth forests now exist in all parts of the United States except the

A)east
B)west
C)north
D)south
E)northeast

Answer 1

west

Question 2

Political steps that can help reduce the destruction and degradation of tropical forests include all of the following except

A)certifying sustainably grown timber
B)establishing programs to teach settlers sustainable agriculture and forestry strategies
C)subsidizing only sustainable-use forestry
D)encouraging migration to undisturbed tropical forests
E)reducing poverty

Answer 2

encouraging migration to undisturbed tropical forests

Question 3

A type of forest fire that is beneficial to the health of forests and reduces forest fire intensity when they occur is called a

A)crown fire
B)prescribed burn
C)undergrowth burn
D)none of these answers
E)both prescribed burn and undergrowth burn

Answer 3

prescribed burn

Question 4

Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on domestic cattle by what other species?

A)golden eagle
B)coyote
C)fox
D)grizzly bear
E)none of these answers

Question 5

All of the following statements about Wangari Maathai's tree planting program in Kenya are true except

A)It was initially very successful, but has since failed due to government support.
B)It has sparked the creation of similar programs in 30 other African countries.
C)Since its inception in 1977, it has had 50,000 members.
D)It has established 6,000 village nurseries.
E)It has planted and protected more than 30 million trees.

Question 6

A tree harvesting method that involves cutting intermediate-aged or mature trees singly or in small groups is called

A)clear-cutting
B)strip cutting
C)selective cutting
D)patch cutting
E)landscape cutting

Question 7

Which of the following is a secondary cause of forest degradation rather than a basic cause?

A)crop and timber exports
B)government policies
C)population growth
D)fires
E)poverty

Question 8

The Green Belt Movement, founded by Wangari Maathai, combines tree planting and preservation with

A)a drug rehabilitation program
B)a women's self help group that addresses poverty
C)a family planning organization
D)a sustainable agriculture program
E)a cooperative farming college course

Question 9

Which type of forest is considered a reservoir of biodiversity?

A)old-growth
B)second-growth
C)commercial
D)tree plantation
E)All forests are reservoirs of biodiversity.

Question 10

According to environmental writer Bill McKibbin, "the great environmental story of the United States, and in some ways, the whole world" is the

A)restoration of grasslands
B)regrowth of forests
C)production of biofuels on forest land
D)restoration of aquatic ecosystems
E)restoration of saguaro cactus stands

Question 11

The most compelling issue that is causing loss of grasslands in the Western United States is

A)destructive range fires
B)harvesting grasses for hay for domestic animals
C)conversion to cropland
D)overgrazing
E)intrusion of forests into grassland areas

Question 12

As a consequence of the reintroduction of the grey wolf into Yellowstone National Park and northern Idaho, the following other wild species have made a comeback:

A)beavers
B)hround squirrels, mice, and gophers
C)willow, aspen, and cottonwood trees
D)all of these answers
E)wolf reintroduction caused other species to decline, not reemerge or increase.

Question 13

The wolf reintroduction was based partly on its importance as a(n)

A)indicator species
B)generalist species
C)fur-bearing species
D)keystone species
E)all of these answers

Question 14

Sustainable management and harvesting of forests is certified by the

A)U.S. a.Forest Service
B)California Conservation Core
C)Forest Stewardship Council
D)Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
E)Endangered Species Act

Question 15

Natural ecological restoration of riparian areas can happen if

A)enough chemical fertilizer is applied
B)there is aggressive planting of native trees and shrubs
C)the native fish in the adjacent stream or river are restocked
D)cattle and off-road vehicles are banned from the area
E)all of these answers

Question 16

Countries with the largest areas of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified trees, in order from largest to smallest certified areas, are:

A)United States, Poland, Brazil, Canada, Russia, and Sweden
B)Sweden, United States, Canada, Russia, Brazil, and Poland
C)Russia, Canada, United States, Sweden, Poland, and Brazil
D)Canada, Russia, Sweden, United States, Poland, and Brazil

Question 17

All of the following are important aspects of sustainable forestry except

A)no logging of old-growth forests
B)no clear-cutting on steep slopes
C)reduce road-building into uncut forest areas
D)rely more on clear-cutting
E)certify timber grown by sustainable methods

Question 18

Strip cutting of timber is a method of harvesting that

A)harvests trees singly or in small groups
B)involves clearing trees along a contour of the land within a narrow corridor
C)removes all trees from a very large area, with no attention to land contours
D)is particularly damaging to the forest
E)is promoted by logging companies because of the high profit margin

Question 19

Which of the following are ecological services provided by grasslands?

A)erosion control
B)storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide
C)nutrient cycling
D)both erosion control and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide
E)all of these answers

Question 20

A plant called kenaf would help to reduce the pressure to cut trees because its fiber is very useful for

A)making paper
B)home construction material
C)furniture making
D)fencing and decking material
E)fabric for outdoor carpeting

Question 21

Conservation biologists want the protection of at least ____ of the Earth's land.

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)25%
E)30%

Question 22

Which country pays landowners to restore tree cover?

A)Panama
B)Brazil
C)Costa Rica
D)China
E)Norway

Question 23

"Leave it as it is. a.You cannot improve on it." This statement was made by ____ about ____.

A)Bill Clinton, wilderness
B)Richard Nixon, environmental laws
C)George W. a.Bush, national park maintenance
D)Barack Obama, Yellowstone National Park
E)Theodore Roosevelt, wilderness

Question 24

Biodiversity in biosphere reserves can be maintained

A)only when all forms of use are forbidden
B)when sustainable human activities occur in the buffer zone
C)when sustainable human activities occur in the protected inner core
D)when sustainable human activities occur in the entire reserve
E)none of these answers

Question 25

All of the following are approaches to helping ecosystems recover except

A)rehabilitation
B)secondary succession
C)replacement
D)creating artificial ecosystems
E)restoration

Question 26

Which of the following is a fish harvesting method used for harvesting schools of fish in shallow or surface waters, which has caused the death of large numbers of dolphins?

A)longlining
B)purse-seine fishing
C)trawler fishing
D)drift-net fishing
E)sport fishing

Question 27

A former taxi driver from San Francisco led a successful community project to restore native wild salmon to the Mattole River on the north coast of California. a.He eventually convinced California Fish and Game to use his program to restore all coastal California river systems and reintroduce biodiversity to native salmon stocks.
This is best described as an example of

A)pure fantasy
B)reconciliation ecology
C)deep ecology
D)biocultural restoration
E)none of these answers

Question 28

The zone of a biosphere reserve where there would be little, if any, disturbance from human activities would be the

A)buffer zone
B)transition zone
C)core
D)mantle
E)biozone

Question 29

Introduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park caused the squirrel population to increase.

Question 30

Which common problem of U.S. a.cities is now a problem in United States national parks?

A)homeless people
B)lack of funding for schools
C)air pollution
D)all of these answers
E)none of these answers

Question 31

Of Earth's remaining wilderness areas, about ____ are strictly or partially protected by law from human activities.

A)5%
B)20%
C)45%
D)50%
E)55%

Question 32

According to your textbook, the biggest problem for U.S. a.national and state parks today is

A)popularity
B)nearby human activities
C)non-native species
D)poaching
E)soil erosion

Question 33

Biocultural restoration refers to

A)restoration of the cultural aspect of cities damaged by natural disasters
B)embedding cultural awareness as part of biology courses
C)projects that have biological themes for school art projects
D)projects that involve local people in restoration of degraded areas
E)both restoration of the cultural aspect of cities damaged by natural disasters and projects that involve local people in restoration of degraded areas

Question 34

It can be said that coastal habitats are actually

A)increasing in area
B)disappearing up to 10 times faster than tropical forests
C)maintaining a solid level of biodiversity
D)disappearing at the same rate as tropical forests
E)declining in many areas but rebounding in others

Question 35

The United States ranks at number 42 among the countries of the world for

A)percentage of land area set aside as protected wilderness
B)percentage of land designated for national parks
C)percentage of native species lost this century
D)percentage of annual federal budget devoted to weapons production
E)number of Nobel peace prize winners

Question 36

The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of fish for an average person, nation, or the world is called the

A)footprint
B)ecological footprint
C)biodiversity print
D)fishprint
E)foodprint

Question 37

The hotspots strategy is thought to be a very _____ way to protect much of the earth's remaining biodiversity.

A)expensive
B)cost effective
C)questionable
D)unscientific
E)politically correct

Question 38

In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, a domino effect after cod and sharks fisheries were fished out caused the loss of

A)lobster harvests
B)Atlantic salmon harvests
C)bay scallop harvests
D)shrimp harvests
E)all of these answers

Question 39

The Wilderness Act passed in 1964 allows the government to

A)take legal action against environmental degradation in wildlife preserves
B)protect native species
C)protect undeveloped tracts of public land
D)protect national parks and reserves
E)rotate usage of wildlife areas

Question 40

Which of the following would be part of an ecosystem approach to preventing premature extinction of wild species?

A)Protect threatened habitats and ecosystem services.
B)Create an inventory of the species remaining in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
C)Locate and protect the most endangered ecosystems.
D)Restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible.
E)All of these answers

Question 41

The majority of deforestation on the planet that has been caused by human activities has occurred since ____________________.

Question 42

E.O.
a.Wilson said we might as well go ahead and log the world's remaining old growth forests.

Question 43

Scientists estimate that coastal habitats may be disappearing up to 10 times faster than tropical forests.

Question 44

The overall loss of forest biodiversity on the planet violates all three principles of sustainability.

Question 45

The United States is the only country that has set aside about 25% of its total land area for nature reserves and national parks.

Question 46

In a forest ecosystem, occasional ____________________ fires have a number of ecological benefits.

Question 47

Recycling paper and buying recycled paper products is one way you can help to sustain terrestrial biodiversity.

Question 48

Marine reserves are not as effective as marine protected areas (MPAs) in restoring fish populations and species diversity.

Question 49

Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement in Kenya planted a total of ____________________ trees between 1977 and 2005.

Question 50

The difference between a nature reserve and a wilderness area is that people are allowed to visit nature reserves.

Question 51

Costa Rica's largest source of income is its $1 billion-a-year tourism industry, two-thirds of which is ____________________.

Question 52

____________________ contributes to the greenhouse effect by destroying plants that store carbon dioxide.

Question 53

Forest fires cause the germination of seeds of certain tree species.

Question 54

A program called a debt-for-nature swap makes it financially attractive for countries to protect their tropical forests.

Question 55

The United States is the clear leader in total area of forests approved by the Forest Stewardship Council.

Question 56

Uncut forests or regenerated forests that have not been significantly impacted by humans or natural disasters for several hundred years or more are known as ____________________.

Question 57

In the United States, more wood is grown than is cut in a year.

Question 58

Fishing nets can be designed to minimize by catch and allow escape of seabirds and turtles.

Question 59

Commercial forests have the same biodiversity as old-growth forests.

Question 60

Removing dams and allowing rivers to flow freely can help restore biodiversity.

Question 61

Using the graph pictured below that shows the tons of cod catch in the North Atlantic from 1900 on, match the appropriate letter with the description given.
What point on the graph represents the year when 20,000 fishermen and fish processors lost their jobs?

Question 62

One suggestion for sustainably managing fisheries is to use wide-meshed nets for harvesting fish caught with nets.
a.This would allow escape of ____________________.

Question 63

Using the graph pictured below that shows the tons of cod catch in the North Atlantic from 1900 on, match the appropriate letter with the description given.
What point on the graph represents the fish catch after the use of bottom trawlers was established?

Question 64

If a stream is located at the bottom of a slope of forest that has been strip cut or selectively cut, the stream would likely be ____________________.

Question 65

Using the graph pictured below that shows the tons of cod catch in the North Atlantic from 1900 on, match the appropriate letter with the description given.
What area on the graph represents a slight recovery in the collapsed fishery?

Question 66

Recreation and jobs are two ____________________ services that forests provide.

Question 67

The Truckee River flows out of Lake Tahoe in California, and travels northeast to drain into Pyramid Lake in Nevada.
a.The Truckee River corridor used to have a thriving cottonwood forest along its banks.
a.The tall cottonwoods arched over the river and created shade that maintained an optimal water temperature for the native trout.
a.In addition, the trees created a habitat for a number of other plants and animal species.
a.In the late 1900's, after a century of water diversions from the river, the younger cottonwoods were unable to grow because of the dry banks.
a.The cottonwood canopy was non-existent in most sections of the river.Recently, however, the native cui-ui fish in Pyramid Lake was listed as endangered.
a.Part of the recovery plan for the fish included substantial runs of water down the Truckee River.
a.After the higher water runs had been taking place for several years, a younger age category of cottonwood trees was observed to be thriving in sections of the river.What does this scenario tell us about the two different approaches to saving species?

Question 68

Using the graph pictured below that shows the tons of cod catch in the North Atlantic from 1900 on, match the appropriate letter with the description given.
What area on the graph represents the point when fishermen began to use bottom trawlers to catch fish?

Question 69

Explain both the positive and negative aspect of the Smokey the Bear educational campaign.

Question 70

The Body Shop is the name of a very popular and successful cosmetics and personal care chain of stores located in the United States and abroad.
a.The founder of this store sought out natural remedies known by native peoples in developing countries, and does not use animal testing.
a.She not only paid the natives for the recipes to the remedies, she employed them in production of the items for sale.
a.How is this enterprise helpful to the preservation of wild species?

Question 71

According to the National Park Service, air pollution degrades scenic views in U.S.
a.national parks more than ____________________ of the time.

Question 72

Wilderness serves as a(n) ____________________ bank.

Question 73

____________________ is a form of conservation biology that focuses on habitats that are located where people live, work, or play.

Question 74

Today, forests in the United States cover ____________________ area than they did in 1920.

Question 75

Wilderness serves as a biodiversity ____________________ and a(n) ____________________ policy.

Question 76

Definite priorities for protecting the world's remaining ecosystems and species have been proposed by ____________________.

Question 77

Using the graph pictured below that shows the tons of cod catch in the North Atlantic from 1900 on, match the appropriate letter with the description given.
At what point on the graph would it have been most beneficial to implement sustainable fishing practices to preserve the cod fishery?

Question 78

Match the items listed below with the appropriate choice

On the tree harvesting methods figure, choose the method in which an appropriate number of individual trees are left across an area to provide seed for the production of the next crop of trees.

A)
B)
C)

Question 79

Match the items listed below with the appropriate choice

On the tree harvesting methods figure, choose the method that allows a more sustainable timber yield without widespread destruction.

A)
B)
C)

Question 80

Match the items listed below with the appropriate choice

On the tree harvesting methods figure, choose the method that has the maximum economic return in the shortest amount of time.

A)
B)
C)