Deck 22: Cities and Sustainability

Question 1

The U.S.population is

A)shifting to the north and east
B)shifting to the north and west
C)shifting to the south and east
D)shifting to the south and west
E)shifting to the north and south

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following pulls people to urban areas?

A)declining agricultural jobs
B)war
C)famine
D)lack of land to grow food
E)better health care

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In the United States since 1920, many problems have improved because of the move to urban areas. Which of the following is not one of the improvements?

A)most people have better working and housing conditions
B)improved infrastructure
C)greatly reduced incidence of infectious diseases
D)reduced destruction of wildlife habitat in rural areas
E)better water and air quality

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In less-developed countries poverty is a way of life for how many people at the present time?

A)500 million
B)50 million
C)4 billion
D)1 billion
E)2.75 billion

Question 5

What percentage of U.S.citizens live in urban areas at the present time?

A)99
B)89
C)79
D)69
E)59

Question 6

Which of the following is not a trend in urban population dynamics?

A)The proportion of the global population in urban areas is increasing
B)Urban growth is much slower in developed countries than developing countries.
C)Infrastructure is beginning to catch up with the need in developing countries.
D)Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, especially in developing countries.
E)The numbers of and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming.

Question 7

Which of the following is not described as a characteristic of Curitiba, Brazil?

A)bike paths throughout the city
B)networks of pedestrian walkways connected to bus stations
C)free health care for the poor
D)high rates of recycling
E)reduced population

Question 8

Nearly ____ of Americans live in consolidated metropolitan areas with 1 million or more people.

A)one-tenth
B)one-quarter
C)one-half
D)three-quarters
E)nine-tenths

Question 9

Urban populations occupy about ____ of the planet's land area, but consume about ____ of the earth's resources.

A)20%; 73%
B)4%; 33%
C)44%; 88%
D)2%; 75%
E)40%; 50%

Question 10

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of urbanization?

A)Cities have excessive noise.
B)Cities lack vegetation.
C)Cities lack economic development, technological advances and jobs
D)Cities have water resource and pollution problems.
E)Cities are often characterized by urban heat islands.

Question 11

Which one of the following is not one of the phases of urbanization as experienced in the United States?

A)migration from rural areas to large central cities
B)migration from large central cities to smaller cities and suburbs
C)migration by economic status from West to East
D)migration from North and East to South and West
E)migration from cities and suburbs to developed areas outside suburbs

Question 12

What percentage of the world's population lives in urban areas at the present time?

A)50
B)66
C)75
D)80
E)100

Question 13

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the city to the country.
B)Developing countries are currently urbanizing faster than developed countries.
C)Urbanization varies throughout the world but is increasing everywhere.
D)The general population growth also contributes to urban growth.
E)The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the country to the city.

Question 14

The major means of transportation for citizens of Curitiba, Brazil, is

A)walking
B)biking
C)mass transit
D)alternative fuel vehicles
E)personal motor vehicles

Question 15

Bowash is a

A)form of noise pollution
B)deteriorating urban infrastructure
C)government policy that promotes sprawl
D)metropolitan area
E)megalopolis on the east coast of the United States

Question 16

Which of the following is a problem experienced by residents of Mexico City?

A)severe air pollution
B)nearly 50% unemployment
C)deafening noise
D)inadequate public transportation
E)all of these are problems

Question 17

Which of the following is not an environmental benefit of urbanization?

A)Birth rates are lower.
B)Concentrating people preserves biodiversity.
C)Reduction of climate-changing carbon dioxide
D)Recycling is more economically feasible.
E)Efficient mass transportation saves energy

Question 18

A megacity has a population of __________ million, while hypercities have a population of __________ million.

A)1; 5
B)5; 10
C)10; 20
D)20; 40
E)40; 60

Question 19

Which has not been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States?

A)A surplus of rural open space is still available.
B)Federal loan guarantees to WWII veterans.
C)The Homestead Act giving land away in many areas of the country.
D)Cheap gasoline.
E)Poor urban planning.

Question 20

Today there are __________ megacities, cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

A)9
B)18
C)29
D)39
E)49

Question 21

Advantages of automobiles include all of the following, except

A)symbols of power
B)mobility
C)energy efficiency.
D)basis of much of world's economy
E)convenience of use

Question 22

In the United States, ____% of all urban transportation is by car.

A)58
B)68
C)78
D)88
E)98

Question 23

All of the following are considered hidden costs of automobiles, except

A)deaths and injuries from automobile accidents
B)fastest growing source of climate-changing carbon dioxide
C)premature deaths due to air pollution
D)the sticker price at the automobile dealer's location
E)congestion

Question 24

Which of the following is a disadvantage of zoning in cities?

A)can control population growth
B)can be influenced by developers
C)can encourage high density development along mass transit
D)can reduce automobile use
E)can reduce air pollution

Question 25

Cities generate large amounts of heat because of factories, cars, lights, air conditioning, and dark roofs. This creates a phenomenon called

A)Urban heat island
B)Light pollution
C)Heat pump
D)Heat stroke
E)None of these

Question 26

Which of the following statements is false?

A)A bicycle promotes physical fitness.
B)Bicycles reduce the need for parking spaces.
C)A bicycle is slightly less expensive to buy and operate than a car.
D)Annual global sales of bicycles exceed sales of cars by 2.5 times.
E)Bicycles produce no pollution.

Question 27

"Fecal snow" is characteristic of

A)Sao Paulo.
B)Mexico City
C)Calcutta
D)Rio de Janeiro
E)Bombay

Question 28

Permanent damage to the ears begins after an eight hour exposure to ____ decibels.

A)66
B)85
C)105
D)120
E)142

Question 29

Ninety percent of the funds used to support local government services (schools, roads, police and fire protection, welfare, and so on) come from

A)income taxes
B)sales tax
C)property taxes
D)fees and licenses
E)gifts

Question 30

The most populous city in the world is ____.

A)Mexico City
B)Sao Paulo
C)Tokyo
D)New York City
E)Bombay

Question 31

Breathing the air of Mexico City is like smoking ____ pack(s) of cigarettes each day.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 32

Which of the following is not a water problem associated with cities?

A)erosion of food growing farmlands
B)building expensive reservoirs and deeper wells
C)flooding
D)rapid runoff overloading storm sewers
E)destruction of wetlands

Question 33

Your text described all of the following actions to reduce Mexico City's air pollution, except

A)banning cars from a central zone
B)tax incentives to improve energy efficiency
C)phasing out leaded gasoline
D)replaced old buses and taxis
E)planting 25 million trees

Question 34

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of buses in cities?

A)lose money because they need low fares to attract riders
B)noisy
C)can get caught in traffic
D)more expensive than heavy-rail system
E)commits riders to follow transportation schedules

Question 35

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of zoning in cities?

A)can be used to provide low-cost housing
B)can be used to threaten environmentally sensitive areas
C)can be used to reduce open areas
D)can be used to reduce innovative solutions
E)can be used to favor expensive developments

Question 36

Which of the following is not a direct reason for Mexico City's photochemical smog problem?

A)too many cars
B)polluting industries
C)sunny climate
D)topographical bad luck
E)hydrogen sulfide from local volcanoes

Question 37

If you visit Curitiba, Brazil, you would expect to find

A)no recycling program
B)a sophisticated bus system
C)urban blight
D)polluted air
E)no high-rise apartments

Question 38

Zipcars are which of the following?

A)a cross between a bicycle and a small car
B)small electric cars good for 1 hour of travel
C)high-speed rail cars for short distances
D)mechanical spring operated automobile
E)car-sharing rent-a-car

Question 39

In the United States, what approximate percentage of households do not have reasonable access to bus or train service?

A)10
B)25
C)33
D)50
E)75

Question 40

Disadvantages of rapid rail include all of the following except

A)reduces need for air travel
B)costly to run and maintain
C)noisy for nearby residents
D)some risk of collision at car crossings
E)adds vibration for those living nearby

Question 41

Seventy-two percent of the population of Curitiba, Brazil, are transported by the city bus system on a daily basis.

Question 42

As the baby boomer generation continues to age the suburban population continues to grow in size.

Question 43

Even with projected droughts and heat waves, the states that are expected to grow the fastest are Nevada, Arizona, and Florida.

Question 44

Curitiba, Brazil has seen its per capita GDP jump from 10% above average in 1980 to 65% above average in 1996, in part because of the ecocity concept.

Question 45

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ecocity?

A)It is oriented to people not cars.
B)Plants are adapted to local climate and soils.
C)Small organic gardens replace monoculture lawns.
D)Most food comes from long distances via ecofriendly vehicles.
E)Lots of education opportunities to learn about the environment.

Question 46

The vital public infrastructure, such as sewers and bridges, is $2.2 trillion behind in important maintenance.

Question 47

The exurbs are people who used to live in the suburbs and have now moved to the central city.

Question 48

Which of the following tools is not used by Portland, Oregon, to control sprawl?

A)boundaries beyond which growth can not occur
B)efficient light rail and bus system
C)cluster development
D)encourage employers to give bus passes instead of parking spaces to employees
E)installation of an extensive network of bike paths

Question 49

Which of the following is not a principle of new urbanism?

A)Provide increased money for highway improvements to avoid traffic congestion.
B)Make most places in community within a 10 minute walk.
C)Provide mixed land uses in a small geographical area.
D)Emphasize beauty and aesthetics in architectural design.
E)Create development of land with minimal environmental impact.

Question 50

Vauban, a suburb or Freiburg, Germany, seeks to be virtually free of cars by doing all of the following, except

A)numerous bicycle paths
B)banning all cars in the suburb
C)homes located near train lines
D)restricting car owners to two places to park
E)mass transit connects to larger city

Question 51

One reason people in less-developed countries move to cities is because governments tend to spend their budgets on economic development and job creation in urban areas.

Question 52

Which country has taken the strongest stand against urban sprawl?

A)United States
B)Canada
C)Netherlands
D)China
E)India

Question 53

Urban Sprawl has led to the economic deaths of many economic central cities.

Question 54

A megacity or megalopolis is a city with 25 million or more people.

Question 55

The United Nations estimates at least 1 billion people in developing countries live in crowded and unsanitary conditions in cities.

Question 56

Curitiba recycles 100% of its paper and 74% of its metal, glass, and plastic.

Question 57

Urban Sprawl is the product of affordable land, automobiles, cheap gasoline, and little urban planning.

Question 58

Between 1800 and 2008, the percentage of the U.S.population living in urban areas increased from 30% to 50%.

Question 59

Rural residents in many parts of the world tend to live longer than do urban residents.

Question 60

Analysts project that the year 2025 will see a significant shortage of lare-lot homes in the United States suburbs and exurbs.

Question 61

Parts of the urban population in parts of the dry states of the western United States may have to leave because of the effects of global climate change.

Question 62

Mexico City's air and water pollution cause an estimated 100,000 premature deaths per year.

Question 63

Continuing exposure to noise at 85 dbA can cause permanent hearing loss.

Question 64

Automobile accidents have killed more Americans than all wars in the country's history.

Question 65

U.S.motorists will soon spend an average of 5 years of their lives in traffic jams.

Question 66

People who live in squatter settlements, on the streets, or in shantytowns seldom have adequate shelter, proper sanitary facilities, or clean water.

Question 67

New urbanism is a concept of developing mixed-use neighborhoods within cities.

Question 68

Using smart growth techniques, the city of Portland, Oregon, which has increased in population by about 50% since 1975, has kept the urban area growth to an increase of only 2%.

Question 69

An ecocity is an effort to design a city around the car so that the harmful effects of their use can be minimized.

Question 70

The United States has just __________ cities with one million or more people.

Question 71

Urban areas grow by __________ __________ and by _______________ .

Question 72

Most of the world's cities have huge ecological footprints and are not self-sustaining systems.

Question 73

If full-cost pricing tax was applied to gasoline in the United States, the cost of a gallon of gasoline would be approximately $12.

Question 74

Mexico City has severe air pollution, but it does have high employment rates─nearly 85% in 2008.

Question 75

In the urban areas of the United States three out of four residents drive alone to work.

Question 76

Because of urban sprawl, Americans drive about the same distance each year as all other drivers in the world, combined.

Question 77

Since 1920 in the United States, better sanitation, clean water supplies, and medical care have reduced the incidence of ____________________ .

Question 78

Some large cities surround themselves with a greenbelt, an open area reserved for recreation, sustainable forestry, or other nondestructive uses.

Question 79

China has paid the least attention to issues of urban sprawl, losing great amounts of its arable land.

Question 80

An efficient U.S.mass transit system, a trolley or streetcar system in place at the beginning of the 20ᵗʰ Century, was dismantled by automobile manufacturers and their allies.