Deck 12: Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders

Question 1

What disposition was available for delinquents under the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)?

A) sentenced to an industrial school
B) adjournment without penalty
C) probation
D) foster care
E) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

What is not true regarding assessing externalizing problems in children?

A) Parents, teachers and peers may be interviewed.
B) Behaviour should be considered within a developmental context.
C) The duration, severity, and frequency of troublesome behaviours should be measured.
D) The child/youth may not be aware of his/her behaviour.
E) All of the above are true.

Answer 2

All of the above are true.

Question 3

What age range did the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)cover?

A) 2 to 12 years
B) 2 to 18 years
C) 4 to 14 years
D) 6 to 12 years
E) 7 to 16 years (18 years in some jurisdictions)

Answer 3

7 to 16 years (18 years in some jurisdictions)

Question 4

Which is not an example of an externalizing disorder?

A) bullying
B) lying
C) fighting
D) destructive behaviour
E) All are examples of an externalizing disorder.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is not a criticism of the Young Offenders Act?

A) Youths were sometimes denied rights such as right to counsel and right to appeal.
B) Violent offences carried relatively "light" sentences.
C) Disagreements existed concerning raising the minimum age from 7 to 12 years.
D) Discrepancies existed with factors leading to youth transfer to adult court.
E) All of the above are criticisms of the Young Offenders Act.

Question 6

What is the ratio of males to females likely to have externalizing difficulties?

A) 10:1
B) 5:1
C) 2:1
D) 20:1
E) 30:1

Question 7

What is the most frequent sentence imposed in youth court?

A) fine
B) incarceration
C) probation
D) reprimand
E) absolute discharge

Question 8

Which diagnosis is often a precursor to antisocial personality disorder?

A) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) depression
E) anxiety

Question 9

Approximately ________ of youth diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD)will receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ADP)in adulthood.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 95%

Question 10

Prior to commencing a court-ordered assessment of a child or adolescent,a clinician must legally:

A) obtain consent from the youth's parents or guardians
B) obtain consent from the youth
C) obtain assent from the youth
D) obtain consent from the youth's lawyer
E) Court-ordered assessments do not legally require consent or assent.

Question 11

A separate youth court system was first established with the introduction of:

A) the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)
B) the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)
C) the Youth Diversion Act (YDA)
D) the Young Offenders Act (YOA)
E) none of the above

Question 12

What is not a sentencing option under the Youth Criminal Justice Act?

A) reprimand
B) intensive support and supervision order
C) attendance order
D) deferred custody and supervision order
E) All of the above are sentencing options.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a characteristic of conduct disorder (CD)?

A) difficulty with organization
B) sets fires
C) initiates fights
D) is physically cruel to animals
E) lies for personal gain

Question 14

Under the Criminal Justice Act,what is the minimum age a judge can impose an adult sentence?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 14
D) 16
E) 18

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)go on to develop conduct disorder (CD)?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50%

Question 16

Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act,under what condition can the name of the youth be reported to the public?

A) if the defendant is between the ages of 14 and 17 and is convicted of serious, violent offences
B) if the youth is considered dangerous
C) if the youth has not yet been apprehended
D) All of the above are conditions where the name of the youth can be reported to public.
E) Under no circumstances can a youth's name be reported in the media.

Question 17

Generally,the total number of crimes committed by youth has been:

A) increasing
B) decreasing
C) no change
D) decreasing for those under 10
E) increasing for those over 10

Question 18

What is not an objective of the Youth Criminal Justice Act?

A) to prevent youth crime
B) to provide meaningful consequences and encourage responsibility of behaviour
C) to improve rehabilitation and reintegration of youth into the community
D) to keep young offenders out of court and in the community
E) all of the above are objectives

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false regarding externalizing problems in youth?

A) They are more difficult to treat than internalizing problems.
B) They are more likely to be experienced by males.
C) They are not very stable.
D) They focus on behavioural difficulties.
E) Internalizing problems might co-occur with externalizing difficulties.

Question 20

Which is an example of an internalizing disorder?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) obsessions
D) All of the above of examples of an internalizing disorder.
E) None of the above are examples of an internalizing disorder.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true regarding multisystemic therapy (MST)with young offenders?

A) The youth's case manager is accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
B) Treatment outcome studies show that MST is more effective than the usual services available in Ontario.
C) MST proposes that delinquency is multi-determined and that treatment should occur in institutions.
D) MST focuses solely on the youth's relationship with his/her primary caregiver.
E) all of the above

Question 22

Strategies that attempt to reduce the frequency of violence are known as:

A) primary intervention strategies
B) class-one intervention strategies
C) secondary intervention strategies
D) class-two intervention strategies
E) tertiary intervention strategies

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true regarding the developmental trajectory of youthful offenders?

A) Early onset of antisocial behaviour is usually more treatable and less persistent than a later onset of antisocial behaviour.
B) Most young offenders begin committing antisocial acts in adolescence rather than childhood.
C) Most children with behavioural problems go on to become adult offenders.
D) Generally, levels of aggression exhibited in childhood and adolescence remain fairly stable with age.
E) all of the above

Question 24

In what way(s)are protective factors effective?

A) They reduce negative outcomes by changing the risk level of the child's exposure to a risk factor.
B) They change the negative chain reaction following exposure to risk.
C) They help to develop and maintain self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D) They provide opportunities to children that they would not otherwise have.
E) all of the above

Question 25

The following therapy considers the influence of the family,peers,school,neighbourhood,and community environment:

A) parent training
B) cognitive training
C) dual systems approach
D) social-skills training
E) multisystemic therapy

Question 26

State three main objectives of the Youth Criminal Justice Act.

Question 27

The SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP)is an example of what type of strategy?

A) family-oriented strategy
B) secondary intervention strategy
C) school-oriented strategy
D) community-wide strategy
E) tertiary intervention strategy

Question 28

Name the three childhood psychiatric disorders that occur with frequency in young offenders.Provide two characteristics of each.

Question 29

Provide three criticisms of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA).

Question 30

Which of the following familial risk factors is associated with behavioural problems in youth?

A) parental alcohol use
B) divorce
C) inconsistent discipline
D) child neglect
E) all of the above

Question 31

Youth regularly engaging in antisocial acts are more likely than non-antisocial youth to:

A) have a greater degree of frontal lobe inhibition
B) have a biological mother that engaged in antisocial behaviour
C) misattribute hostile intent to negative situations
D) demonstrate cognitive deficits
E) all of the above

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true regarding identifying risk factors for young offenders?

A) History of behaviour is limited and ambiguous for young offenders
B) Adolescent behaviour may be more influenced by context than enduring characteristics
C) Adolescents experience more developmental and character changes than adults
D) It is a challenge to separate developmental issues from persistent personality and character
E) All of the above are true

Question 33

What is not considered an individual risk factor for behavioural problems in youth?

A) impulsivity
B) parent's history of ADHD
C) mother's use of drugs or alcohol during pregnancy
D) resilience
E) difficult temperament

Question 34

_______________ is a general term used to describe the ability to overcome stress and adversity.

A) Prosocial tendency
B) Resiliance
C) Social competence
D) Self-efficacy
E) Self-esteem

Question 35

What is the difference between reactive aggression and proactive aggression?
Which is related to an earlier onset of problems?

Question 36

Name the two types of adolescent offenders described by Moffitt.Provide two characteristics associated with each type of adolescent offender.

Question 37

Erickson and Butters (2006)examined the relationship between gangs,guns,and drugs in Toronto and Montreal.What did they find?

A) As gang presence in schools increased so did the number of guns and the amount of drugs.
B) Gang presence in schools did not influence the number of guns or the amount of drugs.
C) As gang presence in schools increased, the number of guns and the amount of drugs decreased.
D) Gang presence in schools increases the number of guns but decreases the amount of drugs.
E) Gang presence in schools decreases the number of guns but increases the amount of drugs.

Question 38

What is the goal of tertiary intervention strategies?

A) to prevent violence from occurring in the first place
B) to reduce the frequency of violence
C) to reduce the likelihood that the at-risk adolescent will engage in future offending
D) to punish
E) to include the school to reduce the frequency of violence

Question 39

According to the Ontario Child Health Study,approximately what percentage of children between the ages of 4 and 16 were found to experience conduct disorder,hyperactivity,emotional disturbance,or a combination of these?

A) 1%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50%

Question 40

A study in Ontario found that multisystemic therapy (MST)was not more effective at reducing recidivism than providing usual services for high-risk youth.According to your text,which of the following statements was suggested as a potential explanation for this unexpected finding?

A) The study did not include a follow-up period.
B) The usual services group was at much lower risk to reoffend at the beginning of the study.
C) MST may have benefited youths on factors that were not included in the study.
D) The researchers failed to include a control group, so no explanation is possible.
E) all of the above

Question 41

Describe primary,secondary,and tertiary intervention strategies.

Question 42

Define "resilient" and identify four ways that protective factors are effective.