Deck 8: Cities and Communities

Question 1

When sociologist Barry Wellman claimed that community was neither "lost" nor "saved" but was instead "liberated," he was arguing for thinking about community strictly in terms of geography and the physical layout of neighborhoods.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Sociologists regard the growth in the number of Americans living by themselves principally as a negative trend that points to growing levels of social isolation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Jane Addams founded Hull House,the first settlement house in America,in Chicago.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Redlining is the practice of identifying the homes in racially homogenous white neighborhoods that carry the largest mortgages.

Question 5

The social and economic integration of different groups within a city relates directly to the form and spatial layout of city neighborhoods.

Question 6

New Urbanists call for a return to mixed-use,walkable urban communities as a response to suburban sprawl.

Question 7

According to German sociologist Georg Simmel,individuals find both freedom and isolation in rural communities.

Question 8

Urban renewal was used in many cities to consolidate growing populations of African Americans and to reinforce racial segregation in urban neighborhoods.

Question 9

When a city is viewed as a growth machine,urban change is seen as driven by a powerful set of economic elites.

Question 10

A general critique of the urban ecology perspective is that it fails to consider the role of political and economic forces that affect the development of cities.

Question 11

Chicago School sociologist Ernest Burgess developed a model of urban community structure based on crime statistics.

Question 12

Social capital refers to the resources available to individuals through their financial reserves and investment savvy.

Question 13

Scholars who study intensely violent neighborhoods find that a strong sense of community cannot flourish there.

Question 14

During the nineteenth century,as agriculture became more mechanized,more people were drawn into rural areas than into cities.

Question 15

The disappearance of manufacturing jobs from central cities was a factor contributing to the transformation of vibrant neighborhoods into neighborhoods with concentrated poverty.

Question 16

The Fair Housing Act (1968)made discrimination in the public housing markets illegal,whereas discrimination in private housing markets was unaffected by the legislation.

Question 17

At present,more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas.

Question 18

Although scholars have shown that developers and the business community reaped most of the benefits of the urban renewal policy articulated in the 1949 Housing Act,urban renewal unequivocally improved housing for the poor in blighted neighborhoods that typically lacked social cohesion.

Question 19

Edge cities are suburban counterparts to the traditional downtown areas of large central cities.

Question 20

The dominant model of assimilation for immigrant families in America is one of upward mobility into the cultural mainstream.

Question 21

According to demographer Kingsley Davis,in the modern world,the process of urbanization follows a(n)__________.

A)bell-shaped curve
B)circular function
C)S curve
D)straight line

Question 22

Before the emergence of widespread industry,the pace of urbanization was __________.

A)virtually nonexistent
B)slow and gradual
C)level
D)rapid and steep

Question 23

Demographic shifts in Miami,Florida over the last 40 years show a dramatic rise in the Latino population.

Question 24

Our world is becoming __________.

A)decreasingly suburbanized
B)decreasingly urbanized
C)increasingly urbanized
D)increasingly conurbanized

Question 25

The main cause of population growth in cities in the nineteenth century was __________.

A)increasing life expectancy
B)increasing numbers of births
C)migration
D)higher wages

Question 26

Before industrialization,daily life for the vast majority of people focused on __________.

A)travel and trade
B)cottage industry
C)mining
D)immediate sustenance

Question 27

Dallas/Fort Worth is an example of an urban form known as a __________.

A)biurb
B)megaurb
C)polyurb
D)conurb

Question 28

Global cities are hubs of international finance and technology in a world where business activity crosses national boundaries easily.

Question 29

One way to demonstrate the degree to which the world has become connected is through telephone conversations rather than Internet traffic.

Question 30

When manufacturing jobs that once formed the base of urban labor markets began to decline rapidly,they were replaced exclusively by low-wage service-sector jobs.

Question 31

Cities first arose over __________ years ago.

A)5,000
B)7,500
C)8,500
D)10,000

Question 32

In the twentieth century,the pace of suburbanization quickened because of all the following EXCEPT __________.

A)government subsidies for cars
B)government subsidies for home ownership
C)government subsidies for highway construction
D)government subsidies for gentrification

Question 33

__________ was the first nation to industrialize.

A)Britain
B)China
C)Germany
D)The United States

Question 34

How does the U.S.Census Bureau classify urban areas?

A)as areas with a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile
B)as areas with a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile,plus all surrounding areas that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile
C)as areas with a population density of at least 5,000 people per square mile
D)as areas with a population density of at least 5,000 people per square mile,plus all surrounding areas that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile

Question 35

The U.S.Census Bureau's definition of urban areas is based on __________.

A)density
B)heterogeneity
C)remote sensing
D)UN estimates

Question 36

What is the Great Migration?

A)the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North
B)the movement of Latinos from Central and South America to the American Southwest
C)the movement of Mormons to present-day Utah
D)the movement of European Jews to Palestine in the 1920s

Question 37

After cities reach their carrying capacity,the demand for labor __________ and the cost of urban space __________.

A)escalates;subsides
B)escalates;also escalates
C)subsides;escalates
D)subsides;also subsides

Question 38

About 23 million immigrants are now estimated to live in the United States.

Question 39

At present,__________ of the world's population lives in urban areas.

A)one-quarter
B)less than one-third
C)one-third
D)more than one-half

Question 40

__________ is classified as a megacity because its population exceeds __________.

A)Denver;1 million
B)Jacksonville;2 million
C)Houston;5 million
D)Lagos;10 million

Question 41

How did government policies contribute to the preferential treatment of whites in the suburban housing market after World War II?

A)Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically redlined.
B)Loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods.
C)Loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods.
D)Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.

Question 42

In the context of urban ecology,what do the initials CBD stand for?

A)central boundary definition
B)central business district
C)city boundary definition
D)city business district

Question 43

Burgess's model of urban ecology is a model of __________

A)concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district
B)concentric zones spreading outward from a central zone of transition
C)linear arrays spreading across different types of residential zones
D)linear arrays spreading outward from a factory zone

Question 44

Thinking of cities as the product of intensive and strategic investment is central to __________.

A)the growth machine perspective
B)redlining
C)urban ecology
D)urbanization

Question 45

All of the following problems are typically associated with suburban sprawl EXCEPT __________,

A)damage to the environment
B)increasing traffic congestion
C)redlining
D)growing commutes

Question 46

In Manhattan,about __________ of all households are occupied by a single individual.

A)one-quarter
B)a third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 47

Which of the following characteristics of cities was NOT deemed essential by Chicago School sociologist Louis Wirth?

A)density
B)diversity
C)heterogeneity
D)size

Question 48

That people adjust to their surroundings and find the best fit within their environment is an idea central to __________.

A)migratory patterns
B)redlining
C)urban ecology
D)urbanization

Question 49

All of the following strategies have been used to keep racial and ethnic minorities out of certain urban areas EXCEPT __________.

A)allocating tax subsidies to favored developers
B)strategic investment in poor neighborhoods
C)policing policies
D)removal of homeless shelters

Question 50

An influential group of sociologists who used the city of Chicago as a laboratory for the study of urbanism is known as the __________.

A)Chicago Eight
B)Chicago Federation
C)Chicago School
D)Chicago Urbanists

Question 51

Over the past several decades,__________ have been the fastest growing ethnic groups in rural America.

A)Asians and Latinos
B)Asians and African Americans
C)African Americans and Latinos
D)Latinos and whites

Question 52

The number of Americans going solo (that is,living by themselves)__________.

A)is decreasing
B)is increasing
C)is neither decreasing nor increasing
D)has been decreasing and increasing in regular waves for decades,depending on economic conditions

Question 53

Urban ecology,a sociological perspective on how neighborhoods form and change,famously borrows ideas from what other academic discipline?

A)biology
B)economics
C)geography
D)linguistics

Question 54

__________ is the lack of interpersonal connections and civic engagement.

A)Social context
B)Social isolation
C)Social mobility
D)Social slavery

Question 55

Descendants of German immigrants,who inhabited Cincinnati's Over the Rhine neighborhood and worked in the city's German-owned breweries,later moved to other parts of the city and found employment in other kinds of businesses.What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon?

A)assimilation
B)cultural relativism
C)cultural restructuring
D)framing

Question 56

What is one criticism of Burgess's model of urban community structure?

A)It fails to account for variations in the spatial structure of cities outside the Northeast and Midwest of the United States.
B)It places too much emphasis on the growth of the black community.
C)It places too much emphasis on the idea of the city as a growth machine.
D)It fails to account for the process of assimilation.

Question 57

Edge cities have developed as suburban counterparts to __________.

A)the traditional downtown areas of large central cities
B)the traditional factory zones of large central cities
C)the traditional transitional zones of large central cites
D)the tradition bedroom communities of large central cites

Question 58

How does the perspective of the city as a growth machine counter the Burgess urban ecology model?

A)It denies the role of private property,whereas the Burgess model does not.
B)It denies the role of taxes as drivers of city growth,whereas tax policy is integral to the Burgess model.
C)It recognizes the role of political and economic forces,whereas the Burgess model does not.
D)It recognizes the role of key social institutions,whereas the Burgess model fails to consider them.

Question 59

How are sociologists who view the city as a growth machine likely to think about issues of racial and ethnic segregation?

A)as a natural process
B)as the product of ecological change
C)as the product of contentious debate
D)as the outcome of the efforts of political and economic elites

Question 60

Over time,__________ occurs as individual members of immigrant groups begin to integrate with the wider culture and the wider economy,identifying less with the culture of their homeland.

A)assimilation
B)cultural relativism
C)cultural restructuring
D)framing

Question 61

How did researchers St.Clair Drake and Horace Cayton describe Bronzeville,the name given to the African American section of Chicago's South Side,in 1945?

A)as a "Black Metropolis," where violence,overcrowding,and dilapidated housing were the norm
B)as a desolate and violent "urban ghetto"
C)as a "vibrant community" where black cultural and social life thrived despite high poverty
D)as a slum rife with "gambling dens" and "call-houses"

Question 62

From the perspective of German sociologist Georg Simmel,in the anonymity of the city individuals find both __________ and __________.

A)freedom;innovation
B)freedom;isolation
C)isolation;community
D)community;innovation

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the new urban poverty that became associated with American cities in the post-civil rights era?

A)growing concentrations of the urban poor within a smaller number of extremely high-poverty neighborhoods
B)severe racial segregation
C)joblessness
D)smaller concentrations of the urban poor within a growing number of extremely high-poverty neighborhoods

Question 64

German sociologist Georg Simmel argued that shifts in the environment affecting substantial portions of the population __________ consequences on the ways that individuals act and interact.

A)have
B)have no
C)have few
D)have only subliminal

Question 65

What does recent sociological research suggest about online social networks,in terms of how they are changing personal and social life?

A)Online social networks may be a poor substitute for voice-to-voice interactions.
B)Online social networks may be a poor substitute for face-to-face interactions.
C)Online social networks may expand and enhance our offline social networks.
D)Online social networks may compete with and undermine our offline social networks.

Question 66

Claude Fischer's theory of __________ helps us understand why certain urban neighborhoods take on particular identities.

A)ecological stressors
B)income
C)organizational behavior
D)subcultures

Question 67

The work of Jane Jacobs inspired the ideas of which school of urban design?

A)New Communitarianism
B)New Criticism
C)New Preservationism
D)New Urbanism

Question 68

One of the most influential theories of urban transformation that helped to explain the deterioration of black neighborhoods from vibrant metropolises to violent ghettos began by documenting __________.

A)the decline in marriageable black men
B)the disappearance of black churches
C)the disappearance of manufacturing jobs from cities
D)the rise of welfare receipts

Question 69

Social capital refers to the resources available to individuals __________.

A)given their financial and economic status
B)through their relationships and networks
C)through their cultural affiliations
D)given the advantages conferred on them at birth

Question 70

Which concept of community best encompasses the fundamental concerns of sociologists who study today's cities and communities?

A)Community comprises family members and neighbors,along with nearby friends.
B)Community comprises individuals located in the immediate space surrounding a person,whether family or not.
C)Community is the degree to which individuals connect with,support,and interact with each other.
D)Community comprises strong friendships with people we come in contact with through school,work,or other social institutions.

Question 71

With which of the following attributes of city life,more so than the others,did writer and activist Jane Jacobs concern herself?

A)the demographic composition of neighborhoods
B)the environmental hazards of neighborhoods
C)the cultural dynamics of neighborhoods
D)the physical layout of neighborhoods

Question 72

Research suggests that communities with high levels of cohesion and trust have __________.

A)higher levels of violence when the community is very poor
B)higher levels of violence whether the community is very poor or middle income
C)lower levels of violence,but only if the community is very poor
D)lower levels of violence,even if the community is very poor

Question 73

Which urban scholar described the array of social problems bundled together in the urban slums of Manchester,England in the 1840s?

A)Auguste Comte
B)Friedrich Engels
C)Karl Marx
D)George Simmel

Question 74

Which of the following outcomes was a product of the urban renewal policy instituted in the Housing Act of 1949?

A)growing populations of African Americans were consolidated in racially segregated urban neighborhoods
B)growing populations of Latino Americans were dispersed from blighted neighborhoods targeted for redevelopment
C)blighted neighborhoods targeted for redevelopment became socially more cohesive
D)residents of blighted neighborhoods targeted for redevelopment were integrated into mixed-income communities nearby

Question 75

One of the most influential theories of urban transformation that helped to explain the deterioration of black neighborhoods was put forth by which American sociologist?

A)William Julius Wilson
B)St.Clair Drake
C)Horace Cayton
D)Mike Davis

Question 76

Hull House,the first settlement house founded in America in 1889,was designed to __________.

A)resettle Chicago's urban poor in agricultural communities of the upper Midwest
B)promote social integration among the urban poor from various ethnic and immigrant backgrounds
C)deter cultural deficiencies of the urban poor,especially among recent immigrants
D)separate the native-born urban poor from immigrant communities whose social problems drained public resources

Question 77

Which group or groups reaped most of the benefits of the urban renewal policy enacted in the Housing Act of 1949?

A)the urban poor
B)developers and the business community
C)rent-controlled property owners
D)new immigrants housed in blighted communities

Question 78

Which of the following forms of community would a New Urbanist favor?

A)an urban-fringe community with separate zones for housing and for commercial enterprises
B)a gated community of single-family homes interspersed with public spaces
C)a walkable urban community combining different types and scales of housing,offices,retail outlets,medical services,schools,recreational areas,and other commercial or industrial components
D)a mixed-use bedroom community

Question 79

Perhaps the most notorious example of a government policy directed at the problems of the urban poor that instead resulted in removal of the poor from urban environments was the __________.

A)1889 Hull House Settlement Act
B)1949 Housing Act
C)1965 Hart-Cellar Act
D)1968 Fair Housing Act

Question 80

Sociologist Herbert Gans,in his study of community life,focused on __________.

A)ecological factors like size,density,and heterogeneity
B)demographic factors like age,race,occupation,and income
C)cultural factors like language,religion,and norms of behavior
D)political factors like conflict and power