Deck 16: Crime, deviance, and Social Control

Question 1

Interested punishment can best be described as any measure to protect the interest made on the money owed to high-income individuals.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Andrew "naked guy" Martinez eventually inspired clothes optional zones on the Berkeley campus.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

We all have an interest in having our private property protected,but for holders of great wealth the stakes are much higher.Their interest in crimes against property are,therefore,said to be disinterested.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Geneva Conventions are international agreements to ensure that prisoners of war are not mistreated.

Question 5

A shared language is NOT a marker of group identity.

Question 6

Lawbreakers who engage in theft are the intended recipients of interested punishment.

Question 7

A norm is a social construct that exists when it is not just understood,but in a bill of rights or a similar document.

Question 8

At one time in U.S.history,it was common for adult males to drink the equivalent of two bottles of 80-proof hard liquor each week.

Question 9

The criminal justice system doesn't include defense lawyers.

Question 10

Establishing coed bathrooms will always violate a social norm.

Question 11

In the labeling theory of deviance,an act that is considered to be deviant may have been considered to be normal at an earlier point in time.

Question 12

A church door is a symbolic border,but the border between Canada and the United States is purely physical.

Question 13

The "eye for an eye" principle was first established in the Jewish Talmud.

Question 14

A negative affirmation is synonymous with excluded behaviors.

Question 15

Recognizing that a person has personal space is recognizing a social norm.

Question 16

What sociologists find central to deviance is the pathological nature of the deviant.

Question 17

Today's proponents of retribution for argue that the punishment should factor on statistical evidence that suggests harsher sentencing will reduce future crimes.

Question 18

If enough people used medical marijuana,it would normalize the "deviant" smoking of marijuana.

Question 19

A social group simply requires social interaction and a mutual feeling that everyone thinks alike for the most part.

Question 20

Like written laws,moral behavior,too,is subject to reinterpretation.

Question 21

From the point of view of sociology,an Orthodox Jewish school for girls requiring long skirts is __________ compared to the dress code of girls in most public schools.

A)statistically deviant
B)statistically moral
C)socially deviant
D)an acceptable norm

Question 22

Deviance and control always constitute a paired relationship that consists of the __________ and __________.

A)parents;their children
B)controllers;the controlled
C)boundaries;those inside the boundaries
D)individual;group

Question 23

In the case of the "naked guy," Andrew Martinez,who or what ultimately decided that he could no longer walk about the Berkeley campus without clothes?

A)common sense
B)those who write and enforce the laws
C)family pressure
D)public opinion (i.e. ,his fellow students)

Question 24

If one were to conduct archival research on the oldest known written set of laws in human history,one would be examining __________.

A)cave paintings
B)the oral transmission of norms
C)the first statistics collected on deviance
D)Hammurabi's code

Question 25

Which of the following is the least likely to be both a symbolic boundary and physical boundary?

A)the doors of a synagogue
B)a sorority house
C)a police uniform
D)a railroad track

Question 26

According to Freud in Civilization and Its Discontents,which of the following best exemplifies what he meant by basic needs and the "futility of rebellion"?

A)Dorcas is told she must save her allowance or else.
B)Magda is sent to bed early for wetting her pants.
C)Carl,who is seven,is told "get to bed now" when he lies awake at night texting his friend.
D)Having lost his second pair of contact lenses in a week,Lou is told he has to wear his glasses.He refuses.

Question 27

"Defining deviance downward" means that the powerful define ordinary behavior of the weak as deviant.

Question 28

U.S.felons lose the right to vote in all 50 U.S.states.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of statistical deviance?

A)Three men have built a meth lab in the basement.
B)The Occupy Wall Street protesters marched without a permit.
C)Four female students are arrested for appearing topless on the university commons.
D)A man decides to sing loudly while he is shopping for groceries.

Question 30

When a couple gets married and vows to remain faithful,they are expressing a(n)__________.

A)religious conviction
B)willingness to behave according to what people expect of a faithful marriage
C)acceptable behavior
D)obedience vis-à-vis a civil marriage or union

Question 31

The rise in "moral crusades" has resulted in a rise in arrests.

Question 32

When a group of girls determine that others can join their group only if they are gay,they are _________.

A)establishing a symbolic boundary into which they conform
B)insulting straight girls to feel better about themselves
C)not sharing their identity
D)establishing a negative affirmation

Question 33

Mass incarceration is another word for concentration camps.

Question 34

Andrew Martinez's attempt to conduct a "nude-in" with fellow nudists in the Berkeley area resembled,but was not a(n)__________ because he was still not deemed "normal"-indeed his very lack of that made it difficult to go about in a way that was "normal" to him.

A)political movement
B)affirmation of group boundary
C)civil rights protest
D)social group

Question 35

Which group is the most likely to perceive others as outsiders?

A)a motorcycle club that takes over a bar on Friday nights
B)so-called "Minutemen" patrolling the Texas-Mexico border
C)an Evangelical church seeking new members
D)the members of a group home for the mentally challenged

Question 36

Simply put,to be a "deviant" entails __________.

A)a range of outsider activities,most often sexual in nature
B)violating religious commandments
C)doing something as innocent as not tucking in your shirt
D)violating a rule that brings with it the disapproval of others

Question 37

Our earliest encounter with what is perceived to be normality is,essentially,that of __________.

A)our grandparents
B)society
C)your religion
D)parents and the like

Question 38

What key factor played into Cesare Beccaria's formula for making people obey the law?

A)harshness
B)fairness
C)transparency
D)all of the above

Question 39

The New York City Police Department's "stop and frisk" policy is primarily a post-9/11 antiterrorist measure.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a positive affirmation that a group would apply to one of its members?

A)anorexic friends who binge together
B)always writing legibly for the benefit of others
C)making a gang sign in a photograph posted on Facebook
D)wearing the same clothes as your friends

Question 41

Which group or cause became the primary driver of the Temperance Movement according to the author of this chapter?

A)industrialization and excessive drinking proved to be incompatible for a compliant and productive working class
B)foreign immigrants who were believed to drink in excess
C)alcohol fueled the abuse of women
D)drinking less would better acclimate the new immigrants to the previous levels of morality and social drinking

Question 42

What did Durkheim mean by "the unstated terms of the social contract"?

A)an enormous number of unwritten rules that belonged in the law codes of France
B)what sociologists eventually called "norms"
C)the unspeakable behaviors of the nineteenth century
D)the tacit understanding that the Victorian French cheated on their spouses

Question 43

Which would most likely be a root for the discomfort described by Goffman (1963)in explaining the "norm of engagement"?

A)Weber's Protestant work ethic
B)Marx's belief in the capitalist dis-ease for exploitation
C)Durkheim's social contract
D)Freud's theory of the guilt complex

Question 44

The heaviest users of morphine in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth century were __________.

A)doctors
B)middle-class white women
C)Chinese immigrants
D)Civil War veterans

Question 45

Edwin Sutherland (1949)coined the term __________ to describe a form of crime that was once not even considered a crime that put Americans at risk.

A)white-collar justice
B)corporate malfeasance
C)embezzlement
D)white-collar crime

Question 46

What criminal activity ultimately brought Enron executives to justice?

A)overcharging California's energy users
B)forcing elderly people to get off the power grid
C)false profit reporting
D)all of the above

Question 47

The War on Drugs to reduce abuse,protect children,make neighborhoods safer,and the like,fell disproportionately on __________,rather than treating the broader spectrum of social ills and classes for which it was intended.

A)the urban and rural poor
B)radical college students
C)homosexuals
D)African Americans

Question 48

The debtor's prisons of the nineteenth century are good examples __________.

A)of interested punishment
B)of uninterested punishment
C)of both interested and uninterested punishment
D)of "encouragement" to make the poor save money and pay debts

Question 49

The great irony in American history is how the "demon rum" of the nineteenth century became a mark of good taste for the social drinker.What reason would best explain the cause?

A)The patterns of consumption changed both in the amounts and who drank alcoholic beverages.
B)The ingredients in rum no longer changed Christian Americans into "devils."
C)After Prohibition,alcohol consumption became socially acceptable.
D)Women began drinking more during the Roaring Twenties.

Question 50

One "success" for the modern crusade against homosexuality is __________.

A)the military banning homosexual soldiers
B)shutting down gay bathhouses
C)bullying gays
D)all of the above

Question 51

One police officer decides to pull over drivers going 10 miles over the speed limit.To make his quota,another police officer decides to pull over drivers going 7 mph over the limit.Who is being fairer?

A)Both are since this range is the typical "grace" allowed to motorists.
B)Neither.Both should enforce the posted speed limit.
C)It depends on road conditions.
D)Fairness is not the issue when both officers interpret the law arbitrarily.

Question 52

How does labeling a one as deviant reinforce the so-called "deviance"?

A)It becomes something like a "self-fulfilling prophecy," thereby proving the person is a deviant after all.
B)Once labeled a deviant,an individual's actions are more closely scrutinized by others,improving the odds that the person will be caught in further acts of deviance.
C)The person consciously accepts the premise of those in social control.
D)Deviance becomes a form of social acceptances,that is,what society expects of the deviant.

Question 53

The widespread use of morphine that followed the Civil War was for what reason?

A)as an alternative to alcohol consumption
B)the spread of patent medicines
C)the invention of the hypodermic needle
D)to treat an array of medical problems

Question 54

The transition of opiate use from an acceptable,if often abused pain reliever to that of a pleasure-seeking drug also saw a change _________.

A)in the drug's pharmacology,which provided more relief for the "psychological pain" of poverty and urban life
B)in the distribution from doctors to pushers
C)in the demographics of the user to that of working-class-and very often black-males
D)its former female demographic,which turned increasingly to social drinking during the Roaring Twenties

Question 55

Which of the following would best illustrate how sociologists see process as defining deviance?

A)Cigarette smoking can be interpreted as deviant behavior because it can be labeled as self-destructive rather than "sophisticated."
B)The sexual mechanics between people of the same sex and how it looks "wrong" or "gross."
C)The way something is deviant to one group and normal to another.
D)Only those with power have the power to label certain behaviors as deviant.

Question 56

When is a "deviant" behavior deviant according to most sociologists?

A)When it violates societal rules.
B)When the behavior harms society vis-à-vis common law.
C)Only when a written sanction (i.e. ,law)has been established for the deviant behavior.
D)When the behavior receives arbitrary punishment.

Question 57

Moral regulation,indeed,the effort to legislate morality is being curbed by what phenomenon?

A)There is a general support for lifestyle freedom rather than organized resistance.
B)There is a perception that such initiatives are anachronisms,that they make you look old-fashioned.
C)Young people are naturally curious and rebellious and want to see what will happen.
D)There is a greater effort to teach people that enforcing morality is wrong.

Question 58

Why might a yogi in southern India or a Buddhist monk in Nepal violate a Westerner's so-called "norm of engagement"?

A)Their meditation and postures can be disturbing to the uninitiated.
B)They are being idle.
C)What looks like their doing nothing is doing something according to their callings and culture.
D)Southern India and Nepal have no norm of engagement.

Question 59

A norm can best be defined as a(n)__________.

A)engagement that makes a person comfortable
B)acceptable behavior
C)basic rule of society
D)all of the above

Question 60

The 1919 constitutional amendment that outlawed the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States failed because __________.

A)of civil disobedience
B)organized crime undermined the new law
C)the religiosity that once supported such a law vanished after World War I
D)people were allowed to distill their own alcoholic beverages

Question 61

Why was guerilla warfare and acts of terrorism rare in history?

A)States typically observed rules of engagement on a battlefield.
B)The modern media did not exist yet.
C)People had a morality that prevented them from committing terrorist acts.
D)Terrorism has always existed.Political assassinations,for example,were premodern terrorist acts.

Question 62

State terrorism is a form of __________.

A)counterterrorism so as to engage terrorists on an equal footing
B)terrorism that violates the same laws and conventions that stateless and state-sponsored terrorists do
C)terrorism in which prisoners are abused,such as those at Abu Ghraib.
D)warfare conducted by terrorist states such as the former Libya.

Question 63

Why is white-collar crime punished disproportionally compared to blue-collar crime?

A)White-collar criminals can easily pay their bails and penalties with the very money they steal.
B)Only sociologists see white-collar crime as deviant.
C)White-collar criminals are typically judged by other white-collar criminals.
D)White-collar crimes are still perceived as victimless,that is,not harming its victims in the personal way a blue-collar crime harms its victims.

Question 64

What is the deviant behavior of those people complicit in the 2008 U.S.financial crisis?

A)deceptive subprime loans made to people who could not pay off their mortgages
B)setting teaser rates
C)people borrowing money they knew they would not pay back
D)capitalism entails some form of deviant behavior in order to sell its products and services

Question 65

Which of the following is more likely to be punished by the criminal justice system?

A)state deviance
B)corporate crime
C)"blue-collar crime"
D)white-collar crime

Question 66

Probation can best be described as __________.

A)as home incarceration
B)the shock release of nonviolent prisoners into the general population
C)another way to say "criminal probe."
D)punishment that permits an offender to live in the community rather than serve a prison sentence

Question 67

According the author of this chapter,an act of terrorism can only be performed by entities that are not nation states.

A)False,guerillas and terrorists can be state-sponsored.
B)True,because acts of terrorism are typically small and limited in impact.
C)False,any entity,whether a state,group,or individual can perform a terrorist act.
D)True,terrorism is the preferred method of warfare that is conducted by revolutionary forces.

Question 68

Why were the reprehensible acts (humiliation,cultural disrespect,torture,etc. )at the Abu Ghraib prison not a clear case of institutional deviance?

A)The officers who ran the prison tried to cover for their subordinates.
B)Military culture is impervious to taking responsibility.
C)The Bush administration took full responsibility.
D)The U.S.military blamed the sadistic tendencies of individual soldiers,not the chain of command.

Question 69

As societies become more complex,__________ even as these societies become more progressive.

A)informal sanctions are being formalized
B)formal means of control have expanded
C)mass surveillance will replace both informal and formal sanctions
D)they will see a rise in deviance vis-à-vis social control

Question 70

When Congress and U.S.presidents altered the _________ that precipitated the S&L crisis and the subprime loan scandal,it prime example of how flexible __________ is for those who hold the power.

A)U.S.Constitution;power
B)banking laws;deviancy
C)mortgage laws;state terrorism
D)money supply;the goal post

Question 71

What is the critical difference between jail and prison?

A)Prison is designated for true incarceration.
B)Jail is intended for short periods of incarceration,prisons for longer.
C)Prison is where deviants experience the full force of social control.
D)Jail is for individual control;prison for mass.

Question 72

A CIA black site is __________.

A)a secret prison or holding facility in a country outside of U.S.legal authority
B)foreign prisons rented by the U.S.government for interrogating prisoners accused of terrorism
C)a drone launching facility
D)a kind of torture in which terrorist suspects and deprived of light and go temporarily blind

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT commonly understood to be an institution of social control?

A)criminal courts
B)police departments
C)the workplace
D)schools

Question 74

In the list below,find a modern example of the Robin Hood paradigm that shows how society can "agree" with social deviancy.

A)doctors who assist in letting terminal patients have the right to die
B)activists who sit in trees to protect old-growth forests
C)animal rights supporters who release animals from medical laboratories
D)all of the above

Question 75

Societies punish offenders of criminal law for four primary reasons: (1)to exact retribution for the victims of criminal acts;(2)to deter offenders,and others,from committing crimes in the future;(3)to incapacitate or otherwise prevent offenders from committing;and (4)to __________.

A)exact revenge
B)rehabilitate offenders
C)reintroduce offenders back into society
D)relearn social skills

Question 76

Social control requires both __________ and __________.

A)rewards;punishments
B)sanctions;compliments
C)formal;informal control factors
D)people to emulate;people to avoid

Question 77

In U.S.society,which group of people typically do NOT have the power to enforce formal sanctions?

A)the clergy
B)the National Guard
C)the state highway patrol
D)principals of Catholic schools

Question 78

The deviance implicit in a drone strike is __________.

A)that its operators can violate the values they supposedly uphold,such as the inviolability of a noncombatant state's borders
B)killing noncombatants such as innocent civilians
C)that it allows the United States to engage in political assassinations,which are illegal
D)that it engages with the enemy without following the rules of engagement.

Question 79

What is the critical difference between what President Obama did in regard to torture conducted by the military and his predecessor?

A)President Obama put ex-President Bush on trial for continuing to allow waterboarding.
B)President Obama banned torture in 2009.
C)President Obama switched from torture to drone attacks.
D)President Obama formally ended the War on Terror.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT an element of state deviance?

A)violating international law
B)government surveillance
C)political ideology
D)war crimes