Question 1

Research on second-order conditioning has found evidence for&#10;A)S-S associations between the two CSs&#10;B)S-R associations between the second-order CS and the response&#10;C)both a and b&#10;D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Research on second-order conditioning has found evidence for both S-S associations between the two CSs and S-R associations between the second-order CS and the response.

Question 2

In classical conditioning,the rate of acquisition to a single CS may be slow if&#10;A)the CS is familiar&#10;B)the CS in novel&#10;C)the US is novel&#10;D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

If the CS is familiar, it may take longer for a conditioned response to develop because the organism may already have established expectations or associations with that stimulus, which may need to be overcome or altered through conditioning.

Question 3

The results of Kamin's blocking experiment were surprising because they seemed to contradict the well-established principle of&#10;A)frequency&#10;B)contrast&#10;C)recency&#10;D)similarity

Accepted Answer

Kamin's blocking experiment contradicted the principle of frequency, which suggests that the more often a stimulus is paired with a response, the stronger the association. In the blocking phenomenon, once a subject has learned an association between a stimulus and a response, additional stimuli presented alongside the original stimulus do not become associated with the response if the original stimulus predicts the response on its own. This was surprising because it suggested that mere frequency of pairing was not enough for learning; the informational value of the stimulus also mattered.

Question 4

In Kamin's blocking experiment,it might be said that the added or &#34;blocked&#34; stimulus is&#10;A)uninformative&#10;B)not conditioned&#10;C)redundant&#10;D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

In Kamin's blocking experiment, the added or "blocked" stimulus is considered uninformative, not conditioned, and redundant because it does not provide any new information or predictive value about the unconditioned stimulus beyond what is already predicted by the previously conditioned stimulus.

Question 5

The research on human phobias of spiders and snakes may be evidence for&#10;A)equipotentiality&#10;B)prepared associations&#10;C)contraprepared associations&#10;D)unprepared associations

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that humans have a prepared association with spiders and snakes, meaning that we are biologically predisposed to fear them. This is opposed to unprepared associations, where we would not have an innate fear, or contraprepared associations, where we would have an innate tendency not to fear them. Equipotentiality is not applicable as it suggests that all stimuli are equally likely to become feared.

Question 6

Comparator theories of classical conditioning state that animals compare&#10;A)the intensities of different CSs&#10;B)the intensities of different USs&#10;C)the probability of a US in the presence and absence of a CS&#10;D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Comparator theories propose that animals learn the predictive relationship between a CS and a US by comparing the probability of the US occurring in the presence and absence of the CS. This means that animals use the CS to make a prediction about the likelihood of the US occurring, based on their past experience with the two stimuli. They compare the probability of the US in the CS+ trials (when the CS is present) with the probability of the US in the CS- trials (when the CS is absent), and adjust their behavior accordingly. Comparing the intensity of CSs or USs is not a central component of comparator theories.

Question 7

One phenomenon that taste-aversion learning shares with other types of learning is&#10;A)generalization gradients&#10;B)conditioned inhibition&#10;C)both a and b&#10;D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Taste-aversion learning shares both generalization gradients and conditioned inhibition with other types of learning. Generalization gradients refer to the way in which a response learned to one particular stimulus tends to also be elicited by similar stimuli. Conditioned inhibition refers to the process of learning that a certain stimulus predicts the absence of an expected outcome. Both of these phenomena have been observed not only in taste-aversion learning, but also in other types of associative learning.

Question 8

In the phenomenon of overshadowing,a CS fails to acquire much excitatory strength because&#10;A)it has previously undergone habituation&#10;B)it is paired with a very strong US&#10;C)it is presented in compound with a very strong CS&#10;D)it is simply too weak a stimulus to be conditioned

Accepted Answer

In overshadowing, a CS (Conditioned Stimulus) fails to acquire much excitatory strength because it is presented in compound with a very strong CS (Conditioned Stimulus), causing the stronger CS to overshadow the weaker one, making it less likely for the weaker CS to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 9

Unlike the Rescorla-Wagner model,Mackintosh's theory of attention states that&#10;A)subjects can learn to pay increased attention to informative CSs&#10;B)subjects can learn to pay less attention to uninformative CSs&#10;C)both a and b&#10;D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Mackintosh's theory of attention suggests that subjects can learn to pay increased attention to informative CSs (choice A) and learn to pay less attention to uninformative CSs (choice B). Therefore, both choices A and B are correct. This is in contrast to the Rescorla-Wagner model, which focuses on associative strength rather than attentional processes.

Question 10

Animals have developed taste aversions with delays between ingestion and illness as long as&#10;A)15 minutes&#10;B)8 hours&#10;C)24 hours&#10;D)72 hours

Accepted Answer

Animals have been shown to develop taste aversions with delays of up to 24 hours between ingestion and illness. Beyond this time frame, they may not associate the illness with the specific food that was consumed.

Question 11

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,inhibitory conditioning will occur when the actual size of the US is&#10;A)greater than what was expected&#10;B)less than what was expected&#10;C)equal to what was expected&#10;D)less than that of the CS

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,inhibitory conditioning will...

Question 12

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that in a series of trials with a single,novel CS,the increase in associative strength per trial&#10;A)will be the same on every trial&#10;B)will be greatest on the first few trials&#10;C)will be greatest on the last few trials&#10;D)will be greatest in the middle of training

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that in a...

Question 13

If a stimulus is an occasion setter,its presence or absence controls whether or not the subject will respond&#10;A)when a different stimulus,the CS,is presented&#10;B)when the US is presented&#10;C)when the US is terminated&#10;D)when the occasion setter itself is presented

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a stimulus is an occasion setter,its...

Question 14

The equipotentiality premise states that&#10;A)any two stimuli should be conditioned equally rapidly&#10;B)any two stimuli of equal intensity should be conditioned equally rapidly&#10;C)if one of two stimuli is conditioned more rapidly in one context,it should be conditioned more rapidly in all other contexts&#10;D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The equipotentiality premise states that&#10;A)any two stimuli...

Question 15

Research on the effectiveness of different types of stimuli has shown that&#10;A)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli&#10;B)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli when the US is illness&#10;C)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli when the US is shock&#10;D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the effectiveness of different types...

Question 16

One feature of taste-aversion learning that is not found in any other type of learning is&#10;A)learning with delays of several hours&#10;B)very slow extinction&#10;C)both a and b&#10;D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

The answer of One feature of taste-aversion learning that is...

Question 17

Experiments with rats have found that they are most likely to associate&#10;A)tastes with illness&#10;B)tastes with shock&#10;C)shock with illness&#10;D)audio-visual stimuli with illness

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experiments with rats have found that they...

Question 18

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,compared to a less salient CS,a more salient CS will receive&#10;A)stronger conditioning&#10;B)weaker conditioning&#10;C)the same amount of conditioning&#10;D)inhibitory conditioning

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,compared to a...

Question 19

Suppose that in a conditioned suppression procedure with rats,a series of light-shock trials are followed by pairings of a compound stimulus,light and tone,with shock.A later test with the tone alone would probably find

A)little or no lever pressing during the tone
B)faster than normal lever pressing during the tone
C)the same rate of lever pressing during the tone as before the tone began
D)the same rate of lever pressing during the tone as during the light

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that in a conditioned suppression procedure...

Question 20

A limitation of the Rescorla-Wagner model is that it cannot predict&#10;A)the overexpectation effect&#10;B)the CS preexposure effect&#10;C)inhibitory conditioning&#10;D)overshadowing

Accepted Answer

The answer of A limitation of the Rescorla-Wagner model is...

Question 21

For regular coffee drinkers,the smell and taste of coffee can serve as a CS that&#10;A)mimics the effects of caffeine&#10;B)counteracts the effects of caffeine&#10;C)leads to caffeine-like effects even with decaffeinated coffee&#10;D)increases arousal

Accepted Answer

The answer of For regular coffee drinkers,the smell and taste...

Question 22

Physiological studies of classical conditioning in rmammals have found that&#10;A)the same parts of the brain are involved in different phenomena such as conditioned inhibition and blocking&#10;B)the same parts of the brain are involved in different CRs such as eyeblinks and heart rate changes&#10;C)the brain structures involved are the same as those in Aplysia&#10;D)many different brain structures are involved in simple classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Physiological studies of classical conditioning in rmammals...

Question 23

Physiological studies of eyeblink conditioning in rabbits have found that&#10;A)responses to the CS and the US are controlled by exactly the same neural pathways&#10;B)responses to the CS and the US are controlled by two fairly different pathways&#10;C)any lesion that abolishes the CS also abolishes the US&#10;D)conditioning is controlled by the spinal cord,not the brain

Accepted Answer

The answer of Physiological studies of eyeblink conditioning in rabbits...

Question 24

According to Siegel's theory,drug tolerance is&#10;A)due to the automatic strengthening of the b-process with repeated drug administrations&#10;B)due to a change in metabolism&#10;C)due to the development of a conditioned response&#10;D)due to a weakening of the unconditioned response to the drug

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Siegel's theory,drug tolerance is&#10;A)due to...

Question 25

In their studies of Aplysia,Kandel and his associates have found that classical conditioning of the gill-withdrawal response&#10;A)does not support the contiguity principle&#10;B)is due to an increased responsiveness of the gill motor neuron to the transmitter released by the sensory neuron&#10;C)is due to the increased transmitter released by the sensory neuron that is stimulated by the CS&#10;D)is due to a combination of b and c

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their studies of Aplysia,Kandel and his...

Question 26

According to Wagner's sometimes-opponent-process theory,the CR will be a compensatory response rather than a mimicking response when&#10;A)the UR is monophasic&#10;B)the UR is biphasic&#10;C)the UR has been habituated&#10;D)the UR is aversive

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Wagner's sometimes-opponent-process theory,the CR will...

Deck 4: Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning