Deck 10: Aggression: Hurting Others

Question 1

How intense and reactive we are in infancy reflects our

A)serotonin levels.
B)aggressive instinct.
C)temperament.
D)social learning.

Answer 1

temperament.

Question 2

Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm is known as

A)aggression.
B)hostile aggression.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)both hostile and instrumental aggression.

Answer 2

aggression.

Question 3

Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism that it tries to explain aggression by naming it?

A)instrumental aggression theory
B)instinct theory
C)frustration-aggression theory
D)social-learning theory

Answer 3

instinct theory

Question 4

Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Question 5

Most murders are considered _______ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Question 6

The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that

A)one specific region of the brain controls aggression.
B)activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans.
C)activating the occipital lobe can cause a tyrant monkey to be more docile.
D)activating the frontal lobe can trigger aggressive behavior.

Question 7

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression,Lorenz argued that aggression is

A)innate.
B)adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C)biologically influenced but not instinctive.
D)socially learneD.

Question 8

According to Myers,in 2003 American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis,but as an instrumental act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction.Social psychologists would consider this an example of _______ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Question 9

_______ aggression springs from anger,and its only goal is to injure.

A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Question 10

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from

A)an innate sexual drive.
B)a primitive death urge.
C)observation of aggressive adult models.
D)blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Question 11

Of the following,which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A)An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he attempts a long pass.
B)A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C)A group of mercenaries,hired to kill the dictator of a small country,arrange to poison him.
D)A man smashes his TV set after he cannot get it to work.

Question 12

A study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers found

A)no differences between these men and normal controls.
B)less activity than normal.
C)spikes in activity level.
D)more activity than normal.

Question 13

The death penalty does not effectively deter homicide.One reason for this is that most murders are the result of

A)hormonal influences.
B)hostile aggression.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)a malfunctioning amygdala.

Question 14

Instinctive behavior is behavior that is

A)survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.
B)innate,unlearned,and shown by all members of a species.
C)reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D)taught to members of a species.

Question 15

Juanita is upset with Rose,so during a social gathering she verbally cuts Rose down in front of others.Juanita's behavior is

A)assertive.
B)manipulative.
C)aggressive.
D)an example of displacement.

Question 16

Which one of the following is NOT one of the reasons that lead Buss and Shackelford (1997)to conclude that aggression was adaptive for our distant ancestors?

A)It was a strategy for gaining resources.
B)It helped people defend against attacks.
C)It intimidated or eliminated male rivals for females.
D)It encouraged the rise of nations.

Question 17

_______ aggression aims to hurt only as a means to some other end.

A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Question 18

Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for

A)silent and social aggression in animals.
B)wide variations of aggressiveness from culture to culture.
C)biochemical influences on aggression.
D)unprovoked outbursts of aggression.

Question 19

Which statement regarding aggression is TRUE?

A)Twin studies indicate that aggression is never genetic.
B)New Zealand studies indicate that aggression is caused by abuse.
C)Alcohol enhances aggressiveness.
D)Aggression is caused by brain damage.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?

A)Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly,and it hits Tim's knee.
B)Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator,citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
C)Carla,a dentist,delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's tooth.
D)Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.

Question 21

MacDonald and her colleagues (2000)found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier when thinking about

A)their physical shortcomings.
B)their grades in college.
C)relationship conflicts.
D)their families.

Question 22

Hennigan and her colleagues (1982)found that the larceny theft rate in U.S.cities jumped after television was first introduced.This result can be explained in terms of the

A)amount of crime depicted on television.
B)thieves' sense of feeling deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements.
C)thieves' lack of positive socialization experiences at home and school.
D)amount of time spent watching TV.

Question 23

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain

A)hostile aggression.
B)instrumental aggression.
C)both hostile and instrumental aggression.
D)neither hostile nor instrumental aggression.

Question 24

It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire.After she managed to fix it,she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot.When she entered her apartment,she kicked her pet cat,who was waiting at the door.Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of

A)the frustration-aggression theory.
B)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C)the Murphy's law.
D)the social learning theory.

Question 25

Frustration is noted to arise from

A)a mismatch between achievements and rewards.
B)the gap between expectations and attainments.
C)the deprivation of elements essential to survival.
D)learned helplessness and hopelessness.

Question 26

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

A)hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.
B)after age 25,testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C)variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behavior within the normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D)higher rates of testosterone are associated with less aggressiveness in males.

Question 27

According to Albert Bandura,an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

A)hormonal factors.
B)how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
C)one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
D)observations of others' behavior.

Question 28

The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as

A)adaptation level phenomenon.
B)relative deprivation.
C)Parkinson's second law.
D)unjust-world principle.

Question 29

In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory,Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

A)anger,an emotional readiness to aggress.
B)the role of biochemical influences,such as alcohol.
C)relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon.
D)catharsis as a reducer of frustration.

Question 30

Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator.

A)shares no similarity
B)shares some similarity
C)is somehow related
D)is unrelated

Question 31

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck.You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise.Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise.Your experience is best explained in terms of

A)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B)the relative deprivation principle.
C)displacement.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Question 32

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called

A)instrumental aggression.
B)hostile aggression.
C)frustration.
D)displacement.

Question 33

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as

A)displacement.
B)substitution.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)projection.

Question 34

Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment,so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten aC.But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As,he felt unhappy and angry about his grade.Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of

A)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B)the relative deprivation principle.
C)displacement.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Question 35

After arguing with her boyfriend over the telephone,Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room.This behavior most clearly demonstrates

A)the weapons effect.
B)displacement.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Question 36

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)relative deprivation.
D)the weapons effect.

Question 37

Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that

A)"bad genes" cause aggressive behavior.
B)"bad environments" cause aggressive behavior.
C)neither genes nor environment is responsible for aggressive behavior.
D)the interaction of genes and the environment can cause aggressive behavior.

Question 38

According to Berkowitz (1989),the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of

A)gender.
B)age.
C)anger.
D)neurotransmitters.

Question 39

Jason instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends.This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

A)the result of frustration.
B)instinctive.
C)a learned response.
D)the result of displacement.

Question 40

Frustration grows when

A)our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened.
B)we did not expect gratification.
C)we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
D)we are surprised by a consequence.

Question 41

In an experiment conducted by Griffitt (1970),students who answered questionnaires while they were _______ reported feeling more tired and aggressive,and expressed more hostility toward a stranger than did participants in a control group.

A)distracted by loud noises
B)in an uncomfortably hot room
C)being closely observed
D)eating popcorn and peanuts

Question 42

Viewing sexually violent movies _______ men to brutality and results in _______ for domestic violence victims.

A)sensitizes;less sympathy
B)sensitizes;more sympathy
C)desensitizes;less sympathy
D)desensitizes;more sympathy

Question 43

The pain-attack response has been observed in

A)rats.
B)monkeys.
C)snakes.
D)many varied species.

Question 44

The results of the Schachter and Singer (1962)experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to spending time with either a hostile or a euphoric person support the idea that

A)bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how we interpret the arousal.
B)distinct physiological differences exist among emotions.
C)frustration is largely a function of our prior experience and whom we compare ourselves with.
D)every emotion triggers an opposing emotion.

Question 45

Repeated exposure to erotic films that feature quick,uncommitted sex does NOT have which effect?

A)tends to decrease attraction for one's partner
B)tends to increase attraction for one's partner
C)tends to increase acceptance of extramarital sex
D)tends to increase acceptance of women's sexual submission to men

Question 46

Which of the following has been found to be an effect of sexual violence in movies and television?

A)Women are more likely to believe rape is a serious crime.
B)Men have become more accepting of violence against women.
C)Women have become more aggressive toward other women.
D)Viewers are less accepting of violence against women.

Question 47

In view of research on the pain-attack response,Berkowitz (1998)now believes that _______ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.

A)aversive stimulation
B)neural impulses
C)frustration
D)rage

Question 48

Compared to the national rate,abused children are _______ times _______ likely to abuse their own children.

A)4;less
B)4;more
C)10;less
D)10;more

Question 49

According to the social learning theory,whether we act aggressively depends on

A)the aversive event.
B)the anticipated consequences.
C)the role of the parent.
D)bodily symptoms.

Question 50

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that

A)abused children later abuse their own children at four times the national rate.
B)higher rates of violence occur when fathers care for the children.
C)an only child tends to be aggressive in social situations outside the family.
D)physical punishment suppresses aggression in children.

Question 51

Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?

A)dashed expectations
B)a personal insult
C)physical pain
D)an unexpected request

Question 52

Which statement is NOT true?

A)Sensation seekers are more likely to be aggressive.
B)Arousal feeds emotions.
C)Sexual arousal can amplify anger.
D)Arousal has no effect on emotions.

Question 53

Violent crimes are more likely committed

A)in the winter rather than the summer.
B)when the weather is hot.
C)on nights with a full moon.
D)during rainy periods.

Question 54

Repeated exposure to fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a woman

A)created a catharsis experience for men.
B)distorted people's perceptions of how women actually respond to sexual coercion.
C)decreased men's aggression against women.
D)created a climate of fear in women.

Question 55

Berkowitz and LePage (1967)found that frustrated men delivered more shocks when

A)guns happened to be in the room.
B)badminton racquets happened to be in the room.
C)they had just received a shot that lowered their serotonin levels.
D)they were initially depresseD.

Question 56

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues,children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet.They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with.When they were taken to another room,they

A)began to cry.
B)attacked a Bobo doll.
C)verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
D) chose to watch a violent rather than a nonviolent film.

Question 57

In relation to aggression,the most studied environmental irritant is

A)pain.
B)cigarette smoke.
C)air pollution.
D)heat.

Question 58

What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression?

A)Heat directly fuels aggressiveness.
B)There is no relationship between heat and aggression.
C)Heat suppresses violence.
D)The correlations between heat and aggression do not prove a causal relationship.

Question 59

Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can

A)elicit frustration.
B)sensitize one to the dangers of violence.
C)prime aggressive thoughts.
D)produce catharsis.

Question 60

Given the review of research on heat and aggression in the text,you can conclude that the relationship between these two variables is

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 61

The _______ view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy.

A)social learning
B)pornographic
C)cathartic
D)pain response

Question 62

Which fact is TRUE?

A)The presence of guns in the home does not affect levels of violence.
B)In the Bobo doll experiments by Bandura,watching the adult pound the doll on TV had the same effect as watching it live.
C)Violent video games do not have the same effect as violence on TV.
D)There is no relationship between the introduction of TV into a community and murder rates.

Question 63

"Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _______ hypothesis.

A)sensitization
B)catharsis
C)frustration-aggression
D)social learning

Question 64

Groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by

A)inhibiting impulses.
B)implementing the cathartic effect.
C)diffusing responsibility.
D)providing role models.

Question 65

When exploring why viewing violence on TV affects behavior,researchers consider all of the following EXCEPT

A)arousal.
B)disinhibition.
C)desensitization.
D)imitation.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT one of the five consistent effects that Anderson (2003)found to be associated with video games?

A)increased interest in drugs and alcohol.
B)increased aggressive thinking.
C)increased arousal.
D)decreased prosocial behaviors.

Question 67

In studies on violence,Eron and Huesmann (1980;1985)found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were

A)unlikely to finish high school.
B)more likely to get a divorce.
C)more likely to be convicted of a crime.
D)more likely to commit child abuse.

Question 68

Research confirms that groups

A)have little effect on violence.
B)can amplify aggressive tendencies.
C)can diffuse aggressive tendencies.
D)promote catharsis.

Question 69

According to the text,one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it

A)evokes imitation.
B)lowers arousal.
C)has a catharsis effect.
D)distracts from other activities.

Question 70

Mullen (1986)reported that the more people are in a lynch mob,the _______ the murder and mutilation.

A)more frequent
B)less frequent
C)more vicious
D)less vicious

Question 71

Anderson's (2010)research on the effects of video games has reported that there is a _______ relationship between playing violent games and the frequency of arguments with teachers.

A)positive
B)slightly negative
C)neutral
D)significantly negative

Question 72

Surveys of adults and adolescents indicate that heavy viewers of TV violence

A)become more sensitized to violence.
B)underestimate the frequency of violence in the world.
C)are more fearful of being personally assaulted.
D)feel safer and better able to protect themselves.

Question 73

According to Gentile and Anderson (2003),"The scientific debate over whether media violence has an effect _______."

A)has just begun
B)is an up-and-coming topic of inquiry
C)is basically over
D)is debatable

Question 74

Gallup youth surveys show that the percent of 13- to 17-year-olds feeling that there is too much movie violence has

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)stayed the same.
D)changed depending on geographic area.

Question 75

Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs.This will most likely lead him to

A)experience more distress at the sight of teens fighting on the streets.
B)underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the world.
C)become more interested in resolving the conflict between two of his personal friends.
D)become more fearful of being personally assaulteD.

Question 76

Kubey and Csikszentmihaly (2002)reported that compared to active recreation,television watching

A)induces hostile moods.
B)is associated with consuming non-nutritious food.
C)sucks people's energy and dampens their moods.
D)creates a feeling of relaxation.

Question 77

Positive,constructive,helpful social behavior is what psychologists refer to as

A)prosocial behavior.
B)excitation transfer.
C)instrumental behavior.
D)social facilitation.

Question 78

According to Anderson (2003),playing violent games might have a more toxic effect than watching violent television because

A)the players are passive.
B)television appears more "real."
C)players play the role of a violent character.
D)television violence is not rewardeD.

Question 79

As part of therapy,a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility.The therapist apparently believes in

A)the social learning theory.
B)Parkinson's second law.
C)the catharsis hypothesis.
D)the adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 80

Adam frequently plays violent video games.Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently

A)watch many hours of television.
B)access pornography.
C)get into fights.
D)listen to rap music.