Deck 4: Human Development

Question 1

The fetal period in a pregnancy is:

A)the first two weeks of the pregnancy, from conception to implantation
B)the last part of the pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth
C)the second through the eighth weeks of the pregnancy
D)the part of the pregnancy prior to conception

Answer 1

the last part of the pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth

Question 2

The term zygote refers to:

A)the genetic material from the father
B)the genetic material from the mother
C)the genetic material from both mother and father before it pairs up
D)the fertilized egg in its initial stage

Answer 2

the fertilized egg in its initial stage

Question 3

The embryonic period in a pregnancy is:

A)the second through the eighth weeks of the pregnancy
B)the first two weeks of the pregnancy, from conception to implantation
C)the last part of the pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth
D)the part of the pregnancy prior to conception

Answer 3

the second through the eighth weeks of the pregnancy

Question 4

Imagine Baby M received both an X and a Y chromosome at the time of conception.Near the 7ᵗʰ or 8ᵗʰ week of the pregnancy, Baby M will:

A)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a male reproductive system
B)begin to secrete testosterone and develop a male reproductive system
C)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a female reproductive system
D)not secrete any hormones and develop a female reproductive system

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the process of development?

A)it occurs only in childhood
B)it is a rigid pattern of development
C)it involves only physical changes
D)it has adaptive significance

Question 6

The term used to refer to the last part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth, is the:

A)germinal period
B)embryonic period
C)critical period
D)fetal period

Question 7

Which of the following is the last of the three stages of prenatal development?

A)the embryonic period
B)the germinal period
C)the fetal period
D)the zygotic period

Question 8

Research suggests that compared to women who do not experience morning sickness, women who experience morning sickness early in their pregnancy are:

A)less likely to have a miscarriage
B)more likely to have a low birthweight baby
C)less likely to have twins or triplets
D)more likely to have a miscarriage

Question 9

The entire period of development prior to birth is called the:

A)prenatal period
B)perinatal period
C)postnatal period
D)paxnatal period

Question 10

The term for the first two weeks of a pregnancy is:

A)the embryonic period
B)the germinal period
C)the fetal period
D)the critical period

Question 11

Nature has:

A)built considerable flexibility into development
B)created a rigid pattern of development
C)halted new adaptations
D)prevented nurture

Question 12

The germinal period is:

A)the first two weeks of the pregnancy
B)the second through the eighth weeks of pregnancy
C)from the eighth week of pregnancy until birth
D)the part of the pregnancy prior to conception

Question 13

The term used to refer the second through the eighth weeks of a pregnancy is the:

A)germinal period
B)fetal period
C)critical period
D)embryonic period

Question 14

Imagine Baby P received two X chromosomes at the time of conception.Near the 7ᵗʰ or 8ᵗʰ week of the pregnancy, Baby P will:

A)begin to secrete testosterone and develop a male reproductive system
B)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a male reproductive system
C)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a female reproductive system
D)not secrete any hormones and develop a female reproductive system

Question 15

Development:

A)occurs only in childhood
B)is complete by the end of adolescence
C)is complete by the end of young adulthood
D)occurs throughout life

Question 16

Sexual differentiation occurs:

A)at the point of conception
B)during the embryonic stage of the pregnancy
C)during the germinal stage of the pregnancy
D)during the fetal stage of the pregnancy

Question 17

The age-related physical, intellectual, social, and personal changes that occur throughout life are specifically called:

A)maturation
B)development
C)adaptations
D)functionality

Question 18

The three stages of prenatal development, in order, are:

A)germinal, embryonic, fetal
B)embryonic, fetal, germinal
C)fetal, germinal, embryonic
D)germinal, fetal, embryonic

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages of prenatal development?

A)the embryonic period
B)the germinal period
C)the fetal period
D)the zygotic period

Question 20

Another term used to refer to the fertilized egg in its initial stage is:

A)occurs only in childhood
B)is complete by the end of adolescence
C)is complete by the end of young adulthood
D)occurs throughout life

Question 21

Differences between infants during development are due to:

A)nature alone
B)nurture alone
C)both nature and nurture
D)neither nature nor nurture

Question 22

The "bloom and prune" process during brain development is particularly active in the:

A)reticular activating system
B)frontal executive regions
C)limbic system
D)brainstem

Question 23

Typically, by the time they are 8 months old, 90% of infants can:

A)roll over
B)stand alone
C)walk on their own
D)sit unsupported

Question 24

Most major structural birth defects are due to problems that occur:

A)during the germinal stage of prenatal development
B)during the fetal stage of prenatal development
C)once the fetus has reached the age of viability
D)during the embryonic stage of prenatal development

Question 25

During infancy neurons that are not used:

A)are retained for later use
B)convert to glial cells
C)connect to neurons that are used
D)die off

Question 26

Rose is currently three months pregnant.Throughout her pregnancy Rose has shown an increased sensitivity to some foods, and she has also developed aversions to a number of foods she used to enjoy.Evolutionary psychologists might suggest that Rose's food sensitivities and taste aversions are:

A)a natural response to fluctuating levels of hormones
B)an indication that she is likely to have a low birthweight baby
C)an indication that her child will have developmental problems
D)a natural defense against the influence of teratogens

Question 27

In newborn infants, the brain typically weighs:

A)10% of its final adult weight
B)25% of its final adult weight
C)75% of its final adult weight
D)99% of its final adult weight

Question 28

Research with rats has shown that rats raised in an enriched environment with lots of social contact and external stimulation:

A)have brains similar to rats raised in barren environments
B)have less complex and worse functioning brains than rats raised in barren environments
C)have less complex brains that function better than rats raised in barren environments
D)have more complex, better functioning brains than rats raised in barren environments

Question 29

Eduardo's body was encased in a cast during the first 9 months of his life.He probably will:

A)show life-long problems in motor development, especially walking
B)begin to walk at least 1 year later than children given free movement
C)begin to walk at least 6 months later than children given free movement
D)begin to walk at about the same time as children given free movement

Question 30

The central nervous system can be affected by teratogens:

A)only during the germinal period
B)only during the fetal period
C)throughout the prenatal period
D)throughout the conceptual period

Question 31

The typical newborn weighs:

A)3 pounds
B)5 pounds
C)7 pounds
D)9 pounds

Question 32

Typically, by the time they are 5 months old, 90% of infants can:

A)roll over
B)stand alone
C)walk on their own
D)sit unsupported

Question 33

A teratogen is:

A)a genetic defect that occurs when two recessive genes are paired at conception
B)any environmental agent that can do damage to the developing baby
C)a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division
D)any physical defect in an unborn child

Question 34

Most of the cells that make-up the cerebral cortex:

A)are present before birth
B)develop during infancy
C)develop during early childhood
D)develop during adolescence

Question 35

From early childhood through puberty, the average child gains how much weight annually?

A)6 to 7 pounds
B)16 to 17 pounds
C)more than 20 pounds
D)more than 30 pounds

Question 36

In early infancy, the nervous system continues to develop and mature, and it follows a pattern that is essentially:

A)from the head down and from the extremities inward
B)from the feet up and from the center out
C)from the feet up and from the extremities inward
D)from the head down and from the center outward

Question 37

The increase in brain weight during infancy is due to:

A)increases in the number of glial cells
B)the formation of new neurons
C)the appearance of the brainstem
D)increases in the number of lipids

Question 38

Most newborn infants would be able to control:

A)their legs better than their arms
B)their fingers better than their hands
C)their feet better than their hands
D)their arms better than their feet

Question 39

Typically, by the time they are 15 months old, 90% of infants can:

A)dance
B)skip
C)walk on their own
D)all of these choices

Question 40

The sequence of development during infancy can be described as:

A)haphazard
B)unpredictable
C)stable, orderly, and predictable
D)unstable, but orderly and predictable

Question 41

Babies possess several characteristics which allow researchers to study their perceptual abilities.Which of the following is not one of them?

A)they control their ability to smile
B)they show preferences
C)they notice novelty
D)they can learn to repeat activities

Question 42

In males, the adolescent growth spurt is triggered by:

A)increases in the levels of estrogen
B)decreases in the levels of estrogen
C)increases in the levels neuromodulators
D)increases in the levels of androgens

Question 43

As neurons are lost during aging:

A)an equivalent level of functioning is lost
B)new neurons develop to replace them
C)an even greater level of functioning than that represented by the neurons is lost
D)the brain compensates by better using remaining neurons

Question 44

The technical term for physically based loss in mental functioning is:

A)Alzheimer's disease
B)dementia
C)Huntington's disease
D)senility

Question 45

Brain imaging studies using fMRI have shown that immediately before and after puberty, there are significant changes in which of the following:

A)the brain's weight
B)the brain's shape
C)the myelination of neurons
D)neural communicating

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT associated with the result of high levels of androgens in adolescent boys?

A)appearance of facial hair
B)lowering of the voice
C)ability to ejaculate
D)broadening hips

Question 47

The onset of puberty has decreased 3-4 years in the last century, probably due to:

A)improved medical care and living conditions
B)changes in the genetic makeup of people
C)poor diets that are high in junk foods
D)the emphasis on strenuous daily exercise and sports

Question 48

A person is at the height of physical prowess around the age of:

A)15
B)20
C)30
D)35

Question 49

In females, the adolescent growth spurt is triggered by:

A)increases in the levels of androgens
B)decreases in the levels of androgens
C)increases in the levels neuromodulators
D)increases in the levels of estrogen

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT associated with the result of high levels of estrogen in adolescent girls?

A)breast development
B)appearance of facial hair
C)broadening hips
D)first menstrual flow

Question 51

Brain imaging studies using fMRI have shown that immediately before and after puberty, there are significant changes in which of the following:

A)the brain's weight
B)the brain's shape
C)neural pruning
D)length of dendrites

Question 52

About what percentage of people over age 65 are afflicted with dementia?

A)1
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 53

The brain reaches its adult weight around the age of:

A)14
B)16
C)18
D)21

Question 54

About what percentage of people over age 80 are afflicted with dementia?

A)1
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 55

The myelination of neurons:

A)is complete at the end of infancy
B)is complete at the end of childhood
C)continues through adolescence
D)continues through adulthood

Question 56

The period during which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and finally stops is called:

A)menopause
B)menarche
C)parturition
D)post-parturition

Question 57

Between toddlerhood and puberty, growth:

A)continues at a more rapid pace than during infancy
B)continues at a less rapid pace than during infancy
C)continues at a rate equal to that of infancy
D)ceases

Question 58

Once adults pass their physical peak in their twenties, most will experience:

A)a rapid, steady decline in all areas of physical function
B)no noticeable declines in any area of physical function
C)slow, steady improvements in physical strength and stamina
D)a slow, steady decline in all areas of physical function

Question 59

A strenuous daily exercise program:

A)can lead to the early onset of puberty in females
B)has no effect on the onset of puberty in females
C)can delay the onset of puberty in females
D)can prolong the length of puberty in females

Question 60

Researchers, such as Buell & Coleman, who have autopsied brains, have found that when older brains and younger brains are compared, the dendrites in the elderly brains:

A)are significantly shorter and less complex
B)are no different than the dendrites in younger brains
C)are significantly longer and more complex
D)are significantly longer but far less complex, with fewer branches

Question 61

When an experiment is designed using a longitudinal design:

A)the performance of different people of various ages is compared
B)the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time
C)different people are tested at each step in the study
D)more than one dependent variable is manipulated

Question 62

The habituation technique for studying infant perception is based on the finding that infants will:

A)spend more time looking at familiar objects
B)repeat simple motor responses that have been rewarded in the past
C)spend more time looking at correctly drawn faces than at faces with features placed in incorrect positions
D)spend less time looking at familiar objects

Question 63

When multiple groups of individuals who differ in age are tested in the same study, the researcher is using:

A)a longitudinal research design
B)a cross-sectional research design
C)a multifactorial research design
D)a habituation research design

Question 64

When the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time in a study, the researcher is using:

A)a longitudinal research design
B)a cross-sectional research design
C)a lapsed time research design
D)a habituation study design

Question 65

A cross-sectional design:

A)is cost-intensive
B)confounds other variables with age
C)is less quickly performed than a longitudinal design
D)can examine change in the individual

Question 66

Mark interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school.Mark is using:

A)a cross-sectional research design
B)a longitudinal research design
C)a confounded research design
D)a multifactor research design

Question 67

When one responds less and less to a stimulus that is being repeated, one is demonstrating which of the following?

A)avoidance
B)centration
C)reversibility
D)habituation

Question 68

The same red light was presented repeatedly until the infant quit responding, then a new, slightly different colored light was presented, and the infant responded again.This is an example of the:

A)longitudinal technique
B)habituation technique
C)preference technique
D)reinforcement technique

Question 69

To study moral development, researchers tested a group of fifty 3-year-olds at yearly intervals over the next 20 years.This procedure is an example of:

A)a cross-sectional design
B)a trajectory technique
C)longitudinal design
D)the centration technique

Question 70

Robert Fantz developed the:

A)habituation technique
B)reinforcement technique
C)differentiation technique
D)preference technique

Question 71

Newborn infants prefer to look at:

A)a blank card rather than one with a pattern
B)a blank card rather than a scrambled face
C)a scrambled face rather than a correctly drawn face
D)a correctly drawn face rather than a scrambled face

Question 72

The same red light was presented repeatedly until the infant quit responding, then a new, slightly different colored light was presented, and the infant responded again.You can infer that the infant:

A)cannot perceive the difference between the two colors
B)is able to perceive the difference between the two colors
C)prefers the first color over the second one
D)prefers the second color over the first one

Question 73

One method used to study perceptual capabilities in infants is the preference method.Studies that have used this method have shown that young infants consistently prefer:

A)familiarity to novelty
B)novelty to familiarity
C)looking at objects in their right visual field
D)looking at objects in their left visual field

Question 74

Keith uses a specialized video camera to record the eye movements of infants aged 3 to 6 months old as they view pictures.After analyzing the videotapes and determining how long the infants looked at each stimulus, he reports that the infants like bright red circles better than other colors or shapes.Keith is using:

A)the habituation technique
B)the preference technique
C)the differentiation technique
D)the reinforcement technique

Question 75

When an experiment involves a cross-sectional design:

A)the performance of different people of various ages is compared
B)the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time
C)different people are tested at each step in the study
D)more than one dependent variable is manipulated

Question 76

When habituation occurs:

A)learning through reinforcement has taken place
B)preference for a stimulus has been demonstrated
C)there is a decline in responsiveness to a repetitive stimulus
D)alertness has increased

Question 77

An infant hears the sound "ga" over and over and eventually stops listening.The sound then changes to "ta," and she still doesn't pay attention.You can infer the infant:

A)is able to perceive the difference between the two sounds
B)cannot perceive the difference between the two sounds
C)prefers sounds that start with "g" over sounds that start with "t"
D)prefers sounds that start with "t" over sounds that start with "g"

Question 78

A longitudinal design:

A)is more cost-effective than a cross-sectional design
B)confounds other variables with age
C)is more quickly performed than a cross-sectional design
D)can examine change in the individual

Question 79

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card repeatedly, until the infant stops watching.If the color of the card is now changed to green, and the infant starts watching again, researchers can infer that the infant:

A)can perceive the difference between the two cards
B)is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards
C)prefers the green card to the blue card
D)prefers the blue card to the green card

Question 80

Dawn is a graduate student who is studying how motor skills develop.She selects one group of children and assesses their motor skills every six months over a two-year period.Dawn is using:

A)a cross-sectional research design
B)a confounded research design
C)a longitudinal research design
D)a multifactorial research design