Deck 16: Pediatric Radiography

Question 1

Which of the following immobilization devices is recommended for an erect abdomen projection on an 18-month-old patient?

A)Pigg-O-Stat
B)Tam-em Board
C)Plexiglas hold-down paddle
D)Parent/guardian holding

Answer 1

Pigg-O-Stat

Question 2

The neonate is defined as a child:

A)between 1 and 3 months of age.
B)newly born.
C)between a newborn and 28 days of age.
D)between a newborn and 3 years of age.

Answer 2

newly born.

Question 3

Which modality is commonly used for evaluating congenital hip dislocation in newborns?

A)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B)Computed tomography (CT)
C)Nuclear medicine
D)Sonography

Answer 3

Sonography

Question 4

Which modality is commonly used to produce three-dimensional images of vascular lesions without introducing contrast media?

A)MRI
B)Helical CT
C)Nuclear medicine
D)Sonography

Question 5

Another term for the CML injury is:

A)flail fracture.
B)osteogenesis imperfecta.
C)compression fracture.
D)corner fracture.

Question 6

Which modality is commonly used for clinical evaluation for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young children?

A)Functional MRI
B)Nuclear medicine
C)Sonography
D)None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following factors should be the first consideration in controlling motion for the pediatric patient?

A)Parent holding child
B)Sandbags and tape
C)High kV techniques
D)Short exposure time

Question 8

Which term describes the primary center for ossification of long bones?

A)Epiphysis
B)Diaphysis
C)Epiphyseal plate
D)Metaphysis

Question 9

Which of the following pathologies is best demonstrated with a radiographic chest procedure?

A)Cystic fibrosis
B)Wilms' tumor
C)Celiac disease
D)Crohn's disease

Question 10

What are the basic projections and/or positions for a radiographic study of the hips on a pediatric patient (nontraumatic injury)?

A)Anteroposterior (AP) projection only
B)AP and horizontal beam inferosuperior lateral projections
C)AP and bilateral frog-leg projections
D)AP and Clements-Nakayama projections

Question 11

Which modality is commonly used for evaluating and staging of tumors in young children without providing a high patient dose?

A)MRI
B)CT
C)Nuclear medicine
D)Sonography

Question 12

Which modality is commonly used for diagnosing pyloric stenosis in infants or young children without providing a high patient dose?

A)MRI
B)CT
C)Sonography
D)None of the above

Question 13

Which modality is commonly used for evaluating vesicoureteral reflux in infants?

A)MRI
B)CT
C)Nuclear medicine
D)Sonography

Question 14

The central ray (CR) should be directed to the level of ____ for a lateral 2-year-old chest patient.

A)the mammillary line
B)2 inches (5 cm) above the umbilicus
C)1 inch (2.5 cm) above the xiphoid tip
D)2 inches (5 cm) above the jugular notch

Question 15

Which term describes the space between the primary and secondary growth centers?

A)Epiphysis
B)Diaphysis
C)Epiphyseal plate
D)Metaphysis

Question 16

Which of the following pathologic indications requires a significant decrease (up to 50%) of manual exposure factors?

A)Osteomalacia (rickets)
B)Osteogenesis imperfecta
C)Talipes equinus
D)Osteochondrosis

Question 17

Classic metaphyseal lesion (CML) is a fracture involving the:

A)entire long bone.
B)metaphysis.
C)epiphysis.
D)diaphysis.

Question 18

A type I Salter-Harris fracture involves the:

A)metaphysis.
B)diaphysis.
C)epiphyseal plate.
D)hyaline cartilage.

Question 19

Which of the following digital system kV ranges is recommended for a lateral projection of the pediatric chest?

A)60 to 65
B)70 to 75
C)75 to 80
D)100 to 115

Question 20

Which of the following terms is commonly applied in describing child abuse?

A)Battered child syndrome (BCS)
B)Pediatric intentional trauma (PIT)
C)Nonaccidental trauma (NAT)
D)Suspected child abuse (SCA)

Question 21

What is a common clinical indication for a pediatric VCUG?

A)Vesicoureteral reflux
B)Urinary bladder calculi
C)Renal calculi
D)Anuria

Question 22

Which positioning line is perpendicular to the image receptor (IR) for an AP projection of the pediatric skull?

A)Orbitomeatal line (OML)
B)Inferior OML
C)Mentomeatal line (MML)
D)Acanthiomeatal line (AML)

Question 23

What type of contrast media is most effective in reducing an intussusception?

A)Barium
B)Iodinated, water soluble
C)Helium
D)Air

Question 24

Where is the CR centered for a kidneys, ureter, and bladder (KUB) projection performed on an infant?

A)At the level of the iliac crest
B)1 inch (2.5 cm) above the umbilicus
C)Midway between the mammary line and the umbilicus
D)1 inch (2.5 cm) below the iliac crest

Question 25

A 2-year-old child comes to radiology for a cervical spine series.The child is unable to hold still for the projections even with immobilization.Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child if present?

A)Radiography student wearing protective apron
B)Older technologist wearing protective apron
C)Father wearing protective apron
D)Nurse wearing protective apron

Question 26

Which of the following digital kV ranges is recommended for a pediatric voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) for neonates through age 18 years?

A)50 to 60
B)65 to 75
C)70 to 80
D)80 to 90

Question 27

What size and type of catheter is recommended for a VCUG on a young pediatric patient?

A)8 Fr feeding tube
B)Small feeding tube, inflatable balloon-retaining catheter
C)10 Fr flexible silicon catheter
D)Catheter not used, injected directly with a 20-mL syringe and fistula tip

Question 28

What is the recommended nothing by mouth (NPO) fasting period for a 1-month-old infant before an upper gastrointestinal series?

A)None
B)3 hours
C)4 hours
D)6 hours

Question 29

What is the average transit time for the barium to reach the ileocecal valve during a pediatric small bowel study?

A)30 minutes
B)1 hour
C)2 hours
D)3 hours

Question 30

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
An emergency type of condition in newborns in which the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are injured or infected, creating leakage of fluid into the alveoli; demonstrated radiographically by granular pattern of increased densities

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 31

Images are taken at ____ intervals for a small bowel series on a pediatric patient.

A)10- to 15-minute
B)20- to 30-minute
C)30- to 40-minute
D)1-hour

Question 32

Which projection and/or position of the abdomen is recommended for demonstrating the prevertebral region of the abdomen?

A)AP supine
B)AP erect
C)Dorsal decubitus
D)Left lateral decubitus

Question 33

How much barium is given to an infant (<1 year) during an upper gastrointestinal series?

A)15 ml
B)30 to 75 ml
C)80 to 100 ml
D)100 to 150 ml

Question 34

What is the maximum height the enema bag should be above the tabletop at the beginning of a barium enema procedure?

A)1 foot (30 cm)
B)2 feet (61 cm)
C)3 feet (92 cm)
D)6 inches (15 cm)

Question 35

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
Neonate hypothyroidism with slowed bone growth or possible dwarfism

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 36

A 1-year-old child comes to radiology for an erect abdomen.Which one of the following immobilization devices or techniques should be used during the exposure?

A)Tam-em Board
B)Pigg-O-Stat
C)Compression bands
D)Stockinette

Question 37

A bowel obstruction caused by an accumulation of fluid in the bowel of a full-term fetus is termed:

A)necrotizing enterocolitis.
B)meconium ileus.
C)intussusception.
D)appendicitis.

Question 38

Which of the following radiographic structures are evaluated to best determine tilt on a lateral pediatric skull projection?

A)Top of ear attachments (TEAs)
B)Orbital floors
C)External acoustic/auditory meatus (EAMs)
D)Orbital plates or roofs

Question 39

Double-contrast barium enemas are most commonly performed on young pediatric patients when _____ suspected.

A)Hirschsprung disease is
B)intussusception is
C)intestinal bleeding is
D)polyps are

Question 40

Which of the following terms describes a condition in which the urethra opens up on the underside of the penis?

A)Urethral shortening
B)Vesicoureteral reflux
C)Urethral valve defect
D)Hypospadias

Question 41

Fear and combative resistance from a young child are common initial responses to a radiographic procedure.

Question 42

Female caregivers of childbearing age should never be allowed to stay in the room to assist with the procedure.

Question 43

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
A condition of labored breathing and harsh dry cough caused by viral infection (most common in children ages 1 to 3 years)

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 44

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

An inflammation at the tibial tuberosity most common in 5- to 10-year-old boys

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 45

The adhesive surface of the tape should be applied directly to the skin of infants to help prevent movement of the body part during the exposure.

Question 46

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

A congenital condition of the large intestine in which nerves controlling rhythmic contractions are missing

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 47

Psychologic maltreatment is one of the six categories of child abuse.

Question 48

The technologist is the one who should decide whether a parent remains in the radiographic room during a procedure.

Question 49

A technologist's attitude is one of the more important factors in making a pediatric procedure a success.

Question 50

The mummifying technique is highly effective for immobilization of the lower limbs of children.

Question 51

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

An inflammation of the inner lining of the intestine that may lead to tissue death; most common in newborns

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 52

It is the responsibility of the technologist to determine if child abuse has occurred and then report it to law enforcement.

Question 53

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

A mild form of a defect of the posterior arch of L5-S1 vertebrae

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 54

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

A congenital condition in which there is an absence of an opening to an organ that requires surgical intervention

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 55

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
A condition of irreversible widening (dilation of the bronchi); frequently begins in early childhood (may require a slight increase in exposure factors)

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 56

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric skeletal system and abdomen to the definition.(Use each choice only once.)

An inflammation of the navicular bone of the foot; lasts up to 2 years; most common in 3- to 5-year-old boys

A)Köhler bone disease
B)Spina bifida occulta
C)Necrotizing enterocolitis
D)Hirschsprung disease
E)Osgood-Schlatter disease
F)Atresia (or clausura)

Question 57

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
An inherited disease with progressive heavy mucus blocking the bronchi; demonstrated by increased radiodensities in specific lung regions

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 58

The ImageGently.org campaign is designed to use minimal immobilization techniques and measures when imaging a young child.

Question 59

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
A condition of partial or complete collapse of a lung caused by an obstruction of the bronchus

A) Atelectasis
B) Cretinism (a thyroid gland disorder)
C) Croup
D) Hyaline membrane disease
E) Cystic fibrosis
F) Bronchiectasis

Question 60

The Pigg-O-Stat can be employed for pediatric skull procedures.

Question 61

A radionuclide VCUG may be performed rather than a fluoroscopic VCUG.

Question 62

Children should not drink any fluid (including water and fruit juice) for 4 hours prior to intravenous urography (IVU).

Question 63

The lateral skull projection of an 8-year-old child requires approximately the same size IR as that used with an adult.

Question 64

A pediatric patient should not have solid food 8 hours before an IVU.

Question 65

Helical CT scan pitch ratio can be increased to reduce patient dose.

Question 66

Renal CT scans have largely replaced intravenous urography studies for pediatric patients.

Question 67

Inflatable balloon retention tips should never be used for pediatric barium enemas.

Question 68

CT scans of pediatric patients should always use the highest resolution possible.

Question 69

Gonadal shielding should not be used for any studies of the pelvis for bilateral hip evaluation.

Question 70

It is difficult to distinguish the small bowel from the large on a pediatric abdominal radiograph.

Question 71

Latex enema tips should be used for pediatric barium enemas.

Question 72

Regions of extensive bone growth, such as the elbow and wrist, should be radiographed separately on older children rather than combined on a single projection of the entire limb.