Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

In which year was the Nineteenth Amendment passed?

A)1848
B)1870
C)1919
D)1942
E)1970

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

A)the Thirteenth Amendment
B)the Seventeenth Amendment
C)the Nineteenth Amendment
D)the Twenty-First Amendment
E)the Twenty-Eighth Amendment

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Civil rights did not become a part of the Constitution until 1868 with the adoption of the __________ Amendment.

A)Twelfth
B)Fourteenth
C)Sixteenth
D)Seventeenth
E)Twenty-First

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Imagine an individual politician who is in favor of restricting the extension of voting rights to a currently disenfranchised group.This politician fears the new group of voters will vote him and his political party out of office if it gains the right to vote.This politician's behavior best reflects which principle of politics?

A)the rationality principle
B)the institution principle
C)the collective action principle
D)the policy principle
E)the history principle

Question 5

Of the various restrictions on suffrage that were in place at the founding of the United States, which was the first to be almost entirely eradicated?

A)minimum age limits
B)religious tests that kept Catholics and Jews from voting
C)racial restrictions
D)property qualifications
E)gender

Question 6

Which clause in the Constitution extended civil rights to all persons?

A)privileges and immunities clause
B)equal protection clause
C)full faith and credit clause
D)supremacy clause
E)necessary and proper clause

Question 7

Which concept best explains why the Supreme Court was able to rule in Dred Scott v.Sandford (1857) that a former slave was not a citizen under Missouri law?

A)state's rights
B)dual citizenship
C)selective incorporation
D)equal protection
E)naturalized citizenship

Question 8

The 2013 Supreme Court decision Shelby County v.Holder struck down what critical provision of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

A)mandatory early voting
B)the Federal Election Commission's Congressional District Review Board
C)federal voting registrars to directly enroll voters
D)preclearance of state and local laws affecting elections
E)ban on racial discrimination by any business involved in interstate commerce

Question 9

In the U.S.Constitution, civil rights issues often arise under the __________ clause.

A)supremacy
B)commerce
C)equal protection
D)necessary and proper
E)interstate commerce

Question 10

In the Shelley v.Kraemer case involving the widespread practice of restrictive covenants, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants could

A)not be judicially enforced.
B)not be signed by private persons.
C)make no references to race or religion.
D)be encouraged by state and local governments but not by the national government.
E)not be made regardless of whether they involved race.

Question 11

In the post-Reconstruction South, the White Primary, literacy tests, and redistricting were all tactics used to deprive African Americans of which basic civil right?

A)trial by jury
B)eligibility for office
C)marriage
D)owning property
E)voting

Question 12

This clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has become the basis for civil rights claims on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual preference.

A)privileges and immunities
B)equal protection clause
C)birthright citizenship
D)due process
E)congressional apportionment

Question 13

Wyoming is nicknamed "The Equality State" because in 1869 it was the first state or territory to extend voting rights to this group.

A)Chinese immigrants
B)women
C)Mormons
D)Native Americans
E)former Confederate soldiers

Question 14

What term describes governmental guarantees of equal entitlement to certain privileges?

A)civil actions
B)civil liberties
C)civil disputes
D)civil duties
E)civil rights

Question 15

The government's obligation to allow African Americans to exercise their opportunity to vote is an example of a

A)civic virtue.
B)civil liberty.
C)civil right.
D)civic duty.
E)civic-minded activity.

Question 16

In which amendment does the equal protection clause appear?

A)the Nineteenth Amendment
B)the Seventeenth Amendment
C)the Sixteenth Amendment
D)the Fourteenth Amendment
E)the Twelfth Amendment

Question 17

There are still several restrictions on who is eligible to vote in U.S.elections.Which group currently faces no restrictions from voting?

A)citizens under 18 years of age
B)legal immigrants
C)citizens without photo ID
D)ex-felons
E)naturalized citizens

Question 18

Plessy v.Ferguson was a civil rights case involving the

A)privileges and immunities clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution.
B)reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment.
C)right to bear arms clause of the Second Amendment.
D)freedom of assembly clause of the First Amendment.
E)equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 19

What legal or moral claims are citizens entitled to make on the government?

A)civil rights
B)civil liberties
C)civil disputes
D)civil duties
E)civil actions

Question 20

Which amendment contains the "equal protection clause?"

A)the First Amendment
B)the Twelfth Amendment
C)the Fourteenth Amendment
D)the Fifteenth Amendment
E)the Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Question 21

Which term describes behavior that is motivated by and directed toward some purpose or objective?

A)instrumental behavior
B)altruistic behavior
C)experiential behavior
D)self-interested behavior
E)irrational behavior

Question 22

In 1957, to which town did President Eisenhower deploy U.S.troops to impose martial law and enforce a federal court order to integrate Central High School?

A)Topeka, Kansas
B)Selma, Alabama
C)Atlanta, Georgia
D)Little Rock, Arkansas
E)Charlotte, North Carolina

Question 23

Which of the following is correct regarding segregation?

A)De jure segregation is created by law; de facto segregation is created by private behavior.
B)De facto segregation is created by law; de jure segregation is created by private behavior.
C)De jure segregation is created for a short time frame; de facto segregation is created to last many years.
D)De facto segregation is created for a short time frame; de jure segregation is created to last many years.
E)De facto segregation can be banned; de jure segregation cannot be addressed by law.

Question 24

After the Brown decision, what was the status of the ability to regulate de jure and de facto segregation in public educational settings?

A)De jure segregation was banned; de facto segregation was not.
B)De facto segregation was banned; de jure segregation was not.
C)De jure and de facto segregation were banned.
D)De jure and de facto segregation were banned in secondary schools but not in elementary schools.
E)De jure and de facto segregation were banned in elementary schools but not in secondary schools.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of de facto segregation?

A)In a medium-sized city, the black population lives almost entirely south of the railroad tracks while almost the entire white population lives north of the tracks.
B)Separate entrances to a restaurant are created for blacks and for whites.
C)Military units are separated by race into white units and black units.
D)The right to vote is restricted to those whose ancestors had the right to vote.
E)Private schools restrict admission to a single race.

Question 26

Which institution of the American political system best explains the ability of Southern states to resist court-ordered desegregation following Brown v.Board of Education?

A)equal protection clause
B)federalism
C)checks and balances
D)separation of powers
E)separate but equal rule

Question 27

Which of the following is true of investment activities? Investment activities

A)reflect instrumental behavior.
B)reflect experiential behavior.
C)reflect irrational behavior.
D)reflect altruistic behavior.
E)reflect consumption activities.

Question 28

In 1954, the Supreme Court in Brown v.Board of Education overturned the infamous "separate but equal doctrine" articulated in which earlier case?

A)Mapp v.Ohio
B)Plessy v.Ferguson
C)Duncan v.Louisiana
D)Dred Scott v.Sandford
E)Lawrence v.Texas

Question 29

As a consequence of Brown v.Board of Education,

A)schools quickly moved to comply with the ruling and integrate schools.
B)schools eventually allowed students to attend their neighborhood school regardless of race, although segregation continued due to racially segregated housing.
C)discrimination in employment was also banned in addition to discrimination in schools.
D)discrimination in jury selection was also banned in addition to discrimination in schools.
E)Northerners and Southerners moved to address de facto segregation in order to comply with the ruling.

Question 30

Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy is known as __________ segregation.

A)de facto
B)legal
C)de jure
D)political
E)partisan

Question 31

The participation of many typical citizens attending the 1963 March on Washington can best be explained as an

A)instrumental activity.
B)irrational behavior.
C)economic behavior.
D)experiential activity.
E)amoral behavior.

Question 32

The federal courts took the lead in combating segregation but faced a number of hurdles in implementing their decisions until Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Which institution of the American political system best explains the difficulty the courts had in enforcing their rulings on desegregation?

A)equal protection clause
B)judicial review
C)privileges and immunities clause
D)federalism
E)separation of powers

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an example of a reason people might engage in experiential behavior?

A)It makes them feel good inside.
B)It makes them feel free of guilt.
C)The activity is enjoyable for its own sake.
D)They like doing it.
E)They are doing it to achieve some purpose or objective.

Question 34

In response to court-ordered desegregation, the states of the Deep South responded with a carefully planned tactic known as

A)the MacArthur Plan.
B)the Beauregard Solution.
C)the Atlanta model.
D)massive resistance.
E)the defiance initiative.

Question 35

Which behavior describes people who do things because they like doing them or because they take pleasure in the activity for its own sake as opposed to working toward some purpose or objective?

A)instrumental behavior
B)altruistic behavior
C)experiential behavior
D)self-interested behavior
E)irrational behavior

Question 36

Individuals participating in the civil rights movement faced many costs, such as lost time, resources, and threats to their personal safety, yet the contribution of any one individual to the movement's overall success was small.What does this say about certain types of political behavior?

A)In circumstances of interpersonal relationships, the rationality principle is not valid.
B)In circumstances of moral issues, the rationality principle is not valid.
C)Wealthy supporters of the civil rights movement provided benefits that offset most of the costs of participation.
D)Participants in the civil rights movement attached high experiential value to being an active member in the movements.
E)The rationality principle does not apply to general citizens and is only true of elites' political behavior.

Question 37

In Brown v.Board of Education, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v.Ferguson because

A)the federal government had no authority to enforce either political or social equality.
B)a majority of the people had banded together to support overturning Plessy.
C)Linda Brown was a child, and no tests of the "separate but equal" doctrine had involved a minor.
D)separate educational facilities did not deprive children of adequate educational opportunities.
E)separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Question 38

Plessy v.Ferguson ruled that the federal government

A)had no authority to enforce either political or social equality.
B)could enforce political equality but not social equality.
C)could enforce social equality but not political equality.
D)could enforce both social and political equality.
E)could regulate interracial marriages but no other aspects of equality.

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the institutions responsible for advancing the civil rights of African Americans during the twentieth century?

A)Courts accomplished the work on their own.
B)Congress accomplished the work on its own.
C)Bureaucrats accomplished most of the work.
D)Congress and the courts were mutually dependent in advancing civil rights.
E)Neither Congress nor the courts accomplished much in the effort to secure civil rights for African Americans.

Question 40

If a school district moved to a plan where students attended the school closest to their home but that plan resulted in schools that were predominantly white or predominantly black, the resulting segregation would be termed __________ segregation.

A)de facto
B)legal
C)de jure
D)political
E)partisan

Question 41

Which of the following types of cases would be afforded the intermediate scrutiny standard?

A)a black man who was denied employment
B)a woman who was paid less than a man with the same experience for doing the same job
C)a Jehovah's Witness who was denied employment because of religion
D)a person born in England who was paid less than another employee with the same experience for doing the same job
E)a 70-year-old who was denied employment because of age

Question 42

Ten years after Brown v.Board of Education, approximately what percentage of black school-aged children in the Deep South attended school with white children?

A)1 percent
B)20 percent
C)50 percent
D)60 percent
E)90 percent

Question 43

A chicken-processing plant could be fined for hiring a Mexican citizen who is in the United States without proper employment documentation under the terms of the

A)Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965.
B)Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
C)Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
D)Immigrants' Bill of Rights of 1856.
E)Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.

Question 44

Which major federal law prohibited private and public employers from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?

A)the Civil Rights Act of 1866
B)the Fair Employment Act of 1960
C)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D)the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974 (as amended)
E)the Race Relations Act of 1982

Question 45

Significant advances have been made toward racial equality, although progress has been uneven.Which of the following has NOT changed drastically since the 1960s?

A)the difference in high school graduation rates among blacks and whites
B)the number of blacks elected to political office
C)the difference in median income among black and white men
D)the percentage of Southern black schoolchildren attending schools with whites
E)legal prohibitions against racial discrimination

Question 46

Which standard is afforded to gender discrimination cases?

A)strict scrutiny
B)intermediate scrutiny
C)rational basis
D)preferred position
E)traditional burden of proof standard

Question 47

The Supreme Court case that prohibited school segregation aimed at Latinos was

A)Brown v.Board of Education.
B)Mendez v.Westminster.
C)Franklin v.Gwinnett County Public Schools.
D)Missouri v.Jenkins.
E)Milliken v.Bradley.

Question 48

What is the status of the Equal Rights Amendment?

A)It was ratified as the Twenty-Eighth Amendment.
B)It has not been introduced in Congress since the 1800s.
C)It has never cleared Congress.
D)It has cleared Congress and is currently awaiting ratification by the states.
E)It previously cleared Congress but failed to get ratification by states by the deadline.

Question 49

The case ruling that cities were only required to desegregate their schools if they were found guilty of deliberate and de jure segregation was

A)Swann v.Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.
B)Brown v.Board of Education.
C)Milliken v.Bradley.
D)Plessy v.Ferguson.
E)Missouri v.Jenkins.

Question 50

Which legislation imposes sanctions on employers who hire undocumented workers?

A)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
B)the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
C)the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
D)the Immigrants Bill of Rights of 1856
E)the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Question 51

The first U.S.immigration law, passed in 1790, limited citizenship to which aliens?

A)whites
B)those with money or property
C)immigrants from England or Ireland
D)those who were sponsored by an American citizen
E)nonslaves

Question 52

The case (later overturned by a federal law named after the plaintiff) stating that gender discrimination complaints must be filed within 180 days of the alleged discrimination was

A)Brown v.Board of Education.
B)Ledbetter v.Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
C)Franklin v.Gwinnett County Public Schools.
D)Missouri v.Jenkins.
E)Milliken v.Bradley.

Question 53

Title IX of which law forbids gender discrimination in higher education, including stronger enforcement against sexual harassment and equitable allocation of resources and wages along gender lines?

A)the Volstead Act of 1993
B)the Voting Rights Act of 1965
C)the Equal Rights Amendment Enforcement Act of 1982
D)the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
E)the 1972 Education Act

Question 54

Which two forms of sexual harassment does the Supreme Court recognize?

A)male and female
B)heterosexual and homosexual
C)quid pro quo and hostile environment
D)aggravated and unwelcome
E)physical and conversational

Question 55

Which legislation outlawed literacy tests for voter registration and required that states provide ballots in Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Native American languages?

A)the Motor Voter Act of 1993
B)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
C)the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
D)the 1960 Civil Rights Act
E)the 1970 reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act

Question 56

The association responsible for developing a legal strategy designed to ensure fair access to the political system for Latinos is

A)MALDEF.
B)ASCAP.
C)NAACP.
D)SNCC.
E)AIM.

Question 57

Which legislation lifted quotas on the number of immigrants that could come from specific national origins?

A)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
B)the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
C)the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
D)the Immigrants' Bill of Rights of 1856
E)the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1996

Question 58

The greatest achievement of the movement for rights of the disabled was

A)a provision of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act that outlawed discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
B)passage of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act.
C)the Wheelchair Access Act of 1982.
D)the Supreme Court ruling defining HIV as a disability.
E)passage of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

Question 59

The court decision holding that state-imposed desegregation could be brought about by busing children across school districts even where relatively long distances were involved was

A)the Swann decision.
B)the Brown decision.
C)the Plessy decision.
D)the Milliken decision.
E)Missouri v.Jenkins.

Question 60

Which 1986 Supreme Court case held that the right to privacy did not protect homosexual activity?

A)Bowers v.Hardwick
B)Texas v.Johnson
C)Lawrence v.Texas
D)Romer v.Evans
E)Griswold v.Connecticut

Question 61

De facto segregation refers to segregation that takes place because of formal laws.

Question 62

The 2015 Supreme Court case Obergefell v.Hodges clearly decided that

A)there is a due process and equal protection right to same-sex marriage.
B)the onset of a disability is an impermissible basis for firing an employee.
C)states must provide ballots in Creole if it is a recognized official language.
D)statistical evidence may be used in court to demonstrate a pattern of gender discrimination.
E)universities can ensure diversity in their student body by admitting a fixed percentage of the top students from every high school in their state.

Question 63

Imagine your university wished to increase racial diversity among the student body.Which of the following policies best reflects the current constitutional status of affirmative action policies according to Supreme Court rulings?

A)Your university may reserve 10 percent of new admissions for racial minorities.
B)Your university scores new applicants on a 100-point scale, and racial minorities automatically receive 15 points.
C)Race cannot be used as a factor in admissions decisions, even to promote diversity.
D)Your university may consider race as a factor in admissions decisions as part of a holistic review of each new applicant's file but may not use quotas or automatically award extra points to racial minorities.
E)Your university may throw out the applications of all new applicants if not enough qualified racial minorities apply.

Question 64

In __________, the Supreme Court held that race can be used as a factor in college admissions but that quotas and point systems are unconstitutional.

A)Gratz v.Bollinger and Grutter v.Bollinger
B)the Slaughter House Cases
C)the AA Cases
D)the Korematsu Cases
E)the Hopwood Case

Question 65

A policy that gave extra points toward law school admission for a minority student would exemplify which kind of program?

A)reparations
B)affirmative action
C)reparative undertakings
D)quota systems
E)supportive redistribution

Question 66

From 1993 to 2010, the Department of Defense's policy toward homosexuality in the armed services was known as

A)"Open Secrets."
B)"Secure Together."
C)"Don't Ask, Don't Tell."
D)"Rainbow Warriors."
E)"Compartmentalized Secrecy."

Question 67

The original U.S.Constitution and the Bill of Rights guaranteed the right to vote.

Question 68

Civil rights groups have often mimicked the rhetoric and tactics of previously successful groups.Which principle thus helps us understand the similar strategic choices of these groups over time?

A)rationality
B)collective action
C)institution
D)policy
E)history

Question 69

Compensatory actions to overcome the consequences of past discrimination and to encourage greater diversity are known as

A)remunerative affirmations.
B)affirmative action.
C)reparative undertakings.
D)quota systems.
E)supportive redistribution.

Question 70

The Fourteenth Amendment made civil rights a part of the American Constitution.

Question 71

Civil rights are solutions to the __________ problem.

A)path-dependency
B)collective action
C)institution
D)jurisdiction
E)policy

Question 72

Brown v.Board of Education required school districts to bus some black children into white neighborhoods (and some white children into black neighborhoods) to attend school so as to achieve desegregation.

Question 73

The Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v.Bakke effectively outlawed

A)strict quotas.
B)affirmative action.
C)race-conscious decisions.
D)the goal of diversity in a university setting.
E)any preferential treatment of minorities.

Question 74

The Supreme Court ruling that definitively established the view that constitutionally permissible use of race must serve a compelling state interest was

A)Regents v.Bakke.
B)Grutter v.Bollinger.
C)Korematsu v.United States.
D)Adarand Constructors v.Pena.
E)Ricci v.DeStefano.

Question 75

Civil rights demonstrations began to die out after the pro-civil rights decision in Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 76

Throughout the history of the United States, citizenship has always been a necessary prerequisite to vote.

Question 77

The equal protection clause is found in the Sixteenth Amendment.

Question 78

The doctrine of "separate but equal" was overturned in Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 79

The Dred Scott decision established the doctrine of "separate but equal."

Question 80

A policy or program designed to redress historic injustices committed against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities is known as

A)reparations.
B)affirmative action.
C)reparative undertakings.
D)quota systems.
E)supportive redistribution.