Deck 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems

Question 1

Which term refers to a system in which nearly all the trees in a stand are harvested in one cutting, but a few uniformly distributed, healthy trees are left to regenerate the stand?

A)seed-tree cutting
B)selection cutting
C)shelter wood cutting
D)clear-cutting

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement about clear-cutting is accurate?

A)Clear-cutting increases the average stand rotation time.
B)Clear-cutting requires more roads than the majority of other harvesting systems.
C)Lumber companies prefer clear-cutting because it takes less skill and planning than other methods.
D)Clear-cutting leads to a decrease in the amount of timber produced per hectare.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which characteristic is NOT in an old-growth forest?

A)It has a clear forest floor.
B)It contains large numbers of snags and fallen logs.
C)It has incurred no major disturbance for several hundred years.
D)It provides a variety of ecological niches.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which term refers to the removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting to establish a new, even-aged stand?

A)selection cutting
B)shelter wood cutting
C)seed-tree cutting
D)clear-cutting

Question 5

What is a possible outcome of selective cutting?

A)a special seed-distribution plan
B)growth of more mature trees
C)crowding of trees
D)an uneven-aged stand of trees

Question 6

Which industry did the Clayoquot Sound, BC resource management conflict focus on?

A)agriculture
B)forestry
C)fishing
D)diamond mining

Question 7

What is the most common use of trees by humans?

A)pulp for paper production
B)lumber for building
C)fuel for heating and cooking
D)raw material for manufacturing various synthetics

Question 8

What is the name of the applied science of managing, analyzing, and communicating biological information?

A)existence value
B)bioinformatics
C)conservation biology
D)instrumental value

Question 9

What might be an outcome of clear-cutting?

A)wind-resistant trees in adjacent stands
B)reduced biodiversity
C)less soil erosion
D)a smaller harvest

Question 10

What might be an outcome of large-scale clear-cutting?

A)increased biodiversity
B)decreased water pollution
C)flood prevention
D)habitat fragmentation

Question 11

What is NOT characteristic of second-growth forest?

A)It may develop after a farming area has been abandoned.
B)It may develop after fire.
C)It may develop as a tree plantation after clear-cutting.
D)It may develop as a regenerated forest after hundreds of years of no disturbance.

Question 12

Which cutting method leaves only a few mature, healthy, wind-resistant trees for regenerating the forest?

A)clear-cutting
B)selection cutting
C)shelter wood cutting
D)seed-tree cutting

Question 13

What is a characteristic of a forested watershed?

A)limited ability to absorb pollutants
B)slow water runoff
C)limited ability to moderate climate
D)rapid water runoff

Question 14

Which compound is removed from the atmosphere by forests?

A)iron
B)carbon dioxide
C)oxygen
D)nitrogen

Question 15

What percentage of Canada's forested land is managed by the federal government?

A)16%
B)25%
C)77%
D)93%

Question 16

Which organization has the most widely recognized program for certifying that forests are managed environmentally?

A)International Organization for Standardization
B)Forest Stewardship Council
C)Canadian Standards Association
D)Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program

Question 17

What has a direct effect on decreasing biodiversity?

A)non-native species introduction
B)moderate environmental disturbances
C)middle stages of succession
D)physically diverse habitats

Question 18

Which statement describes a second-growth forest?

A)an uncut stand of trees or a stand that has not been seriously disturbed by humans
B)a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession
C)a managed tract with uniformly aged trees
D)a storehouse of biodiversity

Question 19

Which tactic for protecting biodiversity would be excluded in the ecosystem approach?

A)legally protect endangered species
B)restore degraded ecosystems
C)eliminate or reduce populations of non-native species from protected areas
D)manage protected areas to sustain native species

Question 20

Which tree species is likely to successfully regenerate after a stand has been clear-cut?

A)a trees species that prefers acid soils
B)a tree species that requires full sun
C)a shade-tolerant tree species
D)a tree species that prefers alkaline soil

Question 21

What would a conservation biologist say is the smartest ecological and economic way to protect trees from insects and disease?

A)Use antibiotics for only the infected trees.
B)Develop disease-resistant tree species.
C)Maintain the biological diversity of the forest.
D)Clear-cut and burn all infected areas.

Question 22

What is the largest forest region in Canada?

A)the boreal forest
B)the subalpine forest
C)the aspen parkland
D)the taiga forest

Question 23

What is the most serious threat to the Amazon's tropical forests?

A)farming
B)logging companies
C)cattle ranching
D)settlers

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT provided by tropical rain forests?

A)ecological services
B)industrial materials
C)half of the world's annual harvest of softwoods
D)tropical fruits and nuts

Question 25

Which statement characterizes tropical rain forests?

A)Tropical forests cover about 20% of the Earth's land area
B)Tropical forests cover about 6% of the Earth's land area.
C)Less than half of the world's species of terrestrial plants and animals live in tropical rain forests.
D)Tropical forests contain very few species of plants.

Question 26

Which tree disease is indigenous to Canada?

A)chestnut blight
B)Dutch elm disease
C)emerald ash borer
D)spruce budworm

Question 27

Which monitoring method provides accurate evidence about the rate of destruction of tropical rain forests?

A)lumber sales records
B)satellite sensors
C)official measurements by conservationists
D)official government reports

Question 28

What is the status of Canada's forests?

A)About 75% of Canada's total land surface is forested.
B)About 73% of forested land is called wild land or wooded land.
C)About 77% of the forest is considered to be productive forest.
D)About 40% of productive forest is protected inside national parks and refuges.

Question 29

Why is fire important to forests?

A)Fire is important in initiating breeding in many insect species.
B)Fire may help release minerals locked up inside organisms.
C)Fire is important in releasing sulfates back into the atmosphere.
D)Fire reduces net productivity of the forest.

Question 30

What is one means of reducing global demand for wood?

A)reduce construction waste and junk mail
B)limit the use of laminated boards
C)make paper from spruce trees
D)make paper from plant fibres other than trees

Question 31

Which food product is NOT commercially grown in tropical rain forests?

A)bananas
B)potatoes
C)sugarcane
D)coffee

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a threat to Canada's forests?

A)the forest tent caterpillar
B)the praying mantis
C)the mountain pine beetle
D)the spruce budworm

Question 33

Which area is incurring the greatest destruction of tropical rain forests?

A)South America
B)Southeast Asia
C)North America
D)Central America

Question 34

What is one cause of deforestation?

A)reduced poverty
B)decreased government subsidies
C)road construction
D)zero population growth

Question 35

Which statement describes the impact of a surface fire in a forest?

A)It burns whole trees.
B)It kills many mature trees.
C)It does not kill many seedlings.
D)It usually burns only the undergrowth.

Question 36

What is the most dangerous type of fire in a forest?

A)crown fire
B)prescribed fire
C)surface fire
D)ground fire

Question 37

Which area contains no tropical forests?

A)Australia
B)Canada
C)Asia
D)United States

Question 38

Which term refers to protecting forests by means such as establishing firebreaks with special bulldozers, pumping water from tank trucks, dropping fire-retardant chemicals from aircraft, and creating controlled backfires?

A)presuppression
B)prescribed burning
C)prevention
D)suppression

Question 39

In which region would you find predominantly black spruce, white spruce and tamarack trees?

A)columbia forest
B)acadian forest
C)boreal forest
D)aspen parkland

Question 40

What is one characteristic of a surface fire in a forest?

A)Wildlife and mature trees are harmed by surface fires.
B)Surface fires lead to more destructive fires.
C)Surface fires release minerals that are locked up in vegetation.
D)Frequent surface fires increase the chance that a severe crown fire will occur.

Question 41

People living in poverty need fuel wood; they therefore cut trees, which results in deforestation and accelerated soil erosion.People then burn dried animal dung and crop residues as fuel sources which leads to depleted soil nutrients and lower crop yields.The resulting hunger and malnutrition contribute to poverty.What type of feedback is this sequence?

A)beneficial negative feedback
B)harmful positive feedback
C)beneficial positive feedback
D)harmful negative feedback

Question 42

How many national parks are in existence worldwide?

A)1 100
B)500
C)100
D)50

Question 43

What percentage of the Earth's remaining wilderness areas are strictly or partially protected by law from exploitation?

A)about 36%
B)about 26%
C)about 16%
D)about 8%

Question 44

Where was the first national park system created?

A)in United Kingdom
B)in the United States
C)in Costa Rica
D)in Kenya

Question 45

What percentage of plant species in the world's tropical forests has been examined closely for possible human use?

A)less than 10%
B)less than 5%
C)less than 3%
D)less than 1%

Question 46

How many biosphere reserves have been established worldwide?

A)15
B)150
C)250
D)350

Question 47

What is the greatest threat to the world's national parks?

A)human activities in nearby areas
B)lack of funding
C)uncontrolled populations of prey because of the decline in predators
D)pollution

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT considered a major underlying factor in the destruction of tropical rain forests?

A)poverty
B)demand for tropical pets
C)massive foreign debt
D)population growth

Question 49

Within a biosphere reserve, where does little, if any, disturbance from human activities occur?

A)the mantle
B)the buffer zone
C)the transition zone
D)the core

Question 50

Which statement about Canada's national parks is accurate?

A)National parks occupy only 30% of Canada's land mass.
B)Canada has 23 national parks.
C)Canada's national parks are managed according to a preservation ethic.
D)Resource extraction is permitted in Canada's national parks.

Question 51

Which zone is NOT a component of a well-designed biosphere reserve?

A)a mantle
B)a core
C)a buffer zone
D)a transition zone

Question 52

Which of the following is a secondary cause of tropical forest degradation?

A)exports
B)logging roads
C)poverty
D)government policies

Question 53

Which of the following countries is putting forth the most effort to preserve and protect its lands?

A)Costa Rica
B)Panama
C)Nicaragua
D)Honduras

Question 54

How much of our total land mass do national parks in Canada occupy?

A)25%
B)5%
C)3%
D)1%

Question 55

What is one solution for sustaining our national park system?

A)Allow an unlimited amount of visitors into the park.
B)Sell off portions of land inside the park.
C)Buy private lands inside the park.
D)Allow hunting inside the park.

Question 56

Why is the Pacific yew tree important?

A)It is a source of food for exportation.
B)It is a source of strong painkiller.
C)It is a source of dyes.
D)It is a source of treatment for ovarian cancer.

Question 57

What constitutes a threat to many national parks in developed countries?

A)increased funding
B)increased biodiversity
C)decreased tourism
D)invasive species

Question 58

What percentage of the Earth's land base is wilderness?

A)about 33%
B)about 25%
C)about 20%
D)about 10%

Question 59

What is the function of Ramsar sites in Canada?

A)To protect areas of aesthetic value.
B)To protect biodiversity at high mountain sites.
C)To protect selected marine sanctuaries on the British Columbia coastline.
D)To protect wetlands and bird sanctuaries needed for waterfowl management.

Question 60

What resulted from burning tropical forests in Latin America, Africa, and Asia?

A)increased biodiversity
B)more greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere
C)large areas of regenerated forests
D)increased ecological integrity

Question 61

The difference between a nature reserve and a wilderness area is that people are allowed to visit nature reserves.

Question 62

Marine habitats are experiencing rapidly increasing rates of species extinction due to factors such as rapid human development and poor environmental management.

Question 63

Human activity has contributed significantly to the premature extinction of some species.

Question 64

Ecologists classify tree farms as cropland rather than forestland.

Question 65

Tropical deforestation is a major concern throughout the world, yet deforestation activities contribute significantly to decreasing poverty in some countries.

Question 66

Volunteers might use replanting techniques to protect and preserve the natural environments in our national forests.

Question 67

Second-growth forests are the largest of the three major forest types because of the ecological success of governmental and environmental mandates.

Question 68

The negative effects of human activities on the environment can be decreased by restoration or conservation.

Question 69

Biodiversity is comprised of two components-intrinsic value and instrumental value.

Question 70

The establishment of public lands by governments helps lessen the impacts that humans have on the Earth's ecosystems.

Question 71

Integrated coastal management is one method for protecting marine biodiversity.

Question 72

What is NOT likely to be a part of ecosystem restoration?

A)secondary succession
B)replacement
C)creating artificial ecosystems
D)rehabilitation

Question 73

Public lands that comprise parks, zoos, national forests, seashores, etc.help sustain biodiversity.

Question 74

Deforestation affects agriculture, water supplies, and biodiversity.

Question 75

What is NOT a component of good wilderness management?

A)offering access permits only to individuals who have demonstrated wilderness skills
B)extensive patrolling of the accessible, popular parts of a wilderness area
C)limiting the number of people using a wilderness area at any one time
D)allowing citizens to camp anywhere in the wilderness area at their own risk

Question 76

Selection cutting and strip cutting are not effective tools for forest management.

Question 77

There are significantly more disadvantages than advantages to using clear-cutting methods to harvest trees from a forest.

Question 78

Restoration is the process of revitalizing a degraded habitat or ecosystem to its natural state.

Question 79

Why are wilderness areas needed?

A)to preserve biological diversity
B)for the high number of recreational users
C)to improve sustainable timber production
D)to improve sustainable organic agriculture

Question 80

A major conflict exists between conservationists and free market economists about the control and management of public lands, but both groups are in support of four principles for governing the use of public land.