Deck 16: Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

Question 1

Intestinal gas is evidence of active ________ in one's digestive tract.

A)thermophiles
B)methanogens
C)yeast cultures
D)halophiles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Prokaryotic cell walls function

A)to promote flexibility and formation of pseudopodia.
B)to prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
C)to propel cells (locomotion).
D)as a site of metabolic reactions (photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Eukaryotes are ________ prokaryotes.

A)more ancient than
B)dependent upon
C)more widespread than
D)more numerous than

Answer 3

B

Question 4

You culture the dried soup from a 4,000-year-old cooking pot found in an Egyptian tomb and obtain a distinctive species of prokaryote. You immerse a test tube of these bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony grows back. This species is probably

A)halophilic.
B)endospore-forming.
C)a spirochete.
D)a cyanobacteria.

Question 5

Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea?

A)gram-positive bacteria
B)methanogens
C)spirochetes
D)chlamydias

Question 6

A slimy layer of bacteria coating a surface is also known as a ________.

A)bioaggregate
B)tissue
C)biofilm
D)plague

Question 7

Evidence for the relatively close relationship of archaea to eukaryotes includes

A)the absence of introns from genes in both groups.
B)the fact that both contain circular DNA without histones.
C)the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of both groups.
D)the fact that both have several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerases.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about archaea is false?

A)Some archaea have mitochondria like those of eukaryotic cells.
B)Archaea are abundant in the oceans.
C)Some archaea are adapted to extreme environments such as extremely salty or extremely hot habitats.
D)Some archaea live in the digestive tracts of cattle.

Question 9

Which of the following options correctly pairs a structure in prokaryote cells with its function?

A)fimbriae, help prokaryotes stick to each other and to surfaces
B)capsule, rigid protective structure enclosing cell
C)flagella, feeding appendages
D)endospore, food digestion vacuole

Question 10

Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________.

A)CO₂; sunlight
B)CO₂; reactions involving inorganic chemicals
C)methane; sunlight
D)organic molecules; sunlight

Question 11

The trickling filter at a sewage treatment plant works by

A)passing wastewater through fine sand, mechanically removing fine pollution particles.
B)passing wastewater through a thick bed of rocks that contain chemicals that sterilize the water and neutralize chemical pollutants or bind with them to produce a harmless precipitate.
C)passing wastewater through a thick bed of rocks. Biofilms of bacteria and fungi on the rocks remove much of the organic material dissolved in the wastewater.
D)adding fertilizer to wastewater and passing it through a culture medium rich in oil-eating prokaryotes.

Question 12

Rod-shaped bacteria are called

A)cocci.
B)bacilli.
C)spirochetes.
D)vibrios.

Question 13

A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it?

A)a chemoautotroph
B)a chemoheterotroph
C)a photoautotroph
D)a photoheterotroph

Question 14

An unknown bacterial species is recovered from a sick patient's digestive tract. It has a membrane outside the cell wall that contains toxic lipids. This observation indicates that

A)the infection should be relatively easy to control with common antibiotics, because the pathogen is a gram-positive species.
B)the infection should be relatively easy to control with common antibiotics, because the pathogen is a gram-negative species.
C)the infection may be quite threatening and difficult to control, because the pathogen is a gram-positive species.
D)the infection may be quite threatening and difficult to control, because the pathogen is a gram-negative species.

Question 15

Individual prokaryote cells are about ________ eukaryote cells; collectively, all prokaryote cells on Earth ________.

A)the same size as; weigh about one-tenth the total mass of eukaryote cells
B)10 times bigger than; weigh about 10 times as much as the total mass of eukaryote cells
C)one-tenth as big as; weigh about one-tenth the total mass of eukaryote cells
D)one-tenth as big as; weigh about 10 times as much as the total mass of eukaryote cells

Question 16

The use of prokaryotes and other organisms to clean up pollutants from soil, air, or water is called ________.

A)decomposition
B)nitrogen fixation
C)bioremediation
D)biocomposting

Question 17

One difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that

A)gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
B)gram-positive bacteria have fimbriae but gram-negative bacteria do not.
C)gram-positive bacteria are spiral-shaped, and gram-negative bacteria are either rod-shaped or spherical.
D)only gram-negative bacteria can form endospores.

Question 18

Prokaryotes are classified into

A)domain Protista and domain Archaea.
B)kingdom Bacteria and kingdom Archaea.
C)domain Bacteria and domain Archaea.
D)kingdom Protista and kingdom Bacteria.

Question 19

Unlike archaean and eukaryote cell walls, bacterial cell walls contain a unique substance called

A)cellulose.
B)peptidoglycan.
C)phospholipid.
D)glycogen.

Question 20

The largest group of prokaryotes is the ________, which obtain both energy and carbon from ________.

A)autotrophs; inorganic molecules
B)chemoautotrophs; decaying organic material
C)chemoheterotrophs; organic molecules
D)photoautotrophs; light

Question 21

________ are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, and ________ are toxic components of the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens.

A)Endotoxins; phosphotoxins
B)Endotoxins; botulinum toxins
C)Exotoxins; enterotoxins
D)Exotoxins; endotoxins

Question 22

________ are stramenopiles that commonly are found decomposing dead animals in freshwater habitats.

A)Brown algae
B)Water molds
C)Cellular slime molds
D)Plasmodial slime molds

Question 23

Which of the following causes food poisoning and typhoid fever?

A)Escherichia coli
B)Bacillus anthracis
C)Clostridium botulinum
D)Salmonella

Question 24

Barry Marshall and his collaborators showed that

A)lifestyle factors such as stress, diet, and smoking cause chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers.
B)lab animals are easily infected by Helicobacter pylori.
C)Helicobacter pylori bacteria are protective against peptic ulcers.
D)Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Question 25

Dinoflagellates are best described as

A)protozoans that use cilia to move and feed.
B)marine and freshwater algae that can produce harmful red tides.
C)parasitic protozoans that must spend part of their life cycles in vertebrate hosts.
D)large, multicellular algae that resemble plants but do not have true leaves, stems, or roots.

Question 26

Which of the following options lists the events of protist evolution in the correct order, according to current science?

A)Mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis; chloroplasts then evolved through secondary endosymbiosis.
B)Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, protozoans were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis.
C)Chloroplasts and then mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis.
D)Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis; later, algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis.

Question 27

The term for a close association between organisms of two or more species is

A)symbiosis.
B)interdependence.
C)associative living.
D)colonialism.

Question 28

The two diseases that represent high-priority threats as biological weapons today are

A)smallpox and typhus.
B)syphilis and HIV.
C)anthrax and botulinum toxin.
D)anthrax and Thiobacillus.

Question 29

Which of the following groups includes protists that reside within the cells of corals?

A)brown algae
B)diatoms
C)dinoflagellates
D)ciliates

Question 30

Plasmodium, the organism that causes malaria, is a/an

A)amoeba.
B)stramenopile.
C)ciliate.
D)alveolate.

Question 31

Which of the following organisms was the first to introduce oxygen into Earth's atmosphere?

A)cyanobacteria
B)early protozoans
C)plants
D)green algae

Question 32

Protists include

A)a single clade of eukaryotes that are distantly related to animals.
B)two clades of eukaryotes: One that is related to animals and fungi, and another that is related to plants.
C)two clades of eukaryotes: algae and protozoans.
D)multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists.

Question 33

Kelp, a seaweed that is anchored to the seafloor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of

A)water mold.
B)brown alga.
C)green alga.
D)diatoms.

Question 34

Which of the following organisms are common soil decomposers that grow in colonies of branched chains of cells that superficially resemble a fungus?

A)actinomycetes
B)yeasts
C)halobacteria
D)cocci

Question 35

Diatoms

A)are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica.
B)are mixotrophs.
C)are heterotrophic protists that decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats.
D)include the malaria parasite.

Question 36

________ are heterotrophic protists; ________ are photoautotrophic protists.

A)Mixotrophs; protozoans
B)Protozoans; algae
C)Protozoans; plants
D)Parasites; protozoans

Question 37

The main ingredient of crude oil is

A)diatoms.
B)dinoflagellates.
C)bacteria.
D)algae.

Question 38

Which of the following groups include organisms that are a key source of food in all aquatic environments and whose fossilized forms are used as a filter and as a grinding and polishing agent?

A)diatoms
B)brown algae
C)amoebas
D)dinoflagellates

Question 39

Cyanobacteria

A)are photosynthetic archaea.
B)are eukaryotes and are the earliest type of algae.
C)are chemoautotrophs.
D)are the only prokaryotes with plantlike oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

Question 40

In secondary endosymbiosis, a/an ________ became endosymbiotic in a/an ________.

A)autotrophic prokaryote; heterotrophic eukaryotic protist
B)heterotrophic prokaryote; autotrophic eukaryotic protist
C)heterotrophic eukaryotic protist; autotrophic heterotrophic protist
D)autotrophic eukaryotic protist; heterotrophic eukaryotic protist

Question 41

In what way does the green alga Ulva resemble land plants?

A)It produces diploid gametes.
B)It has a complex life cycle with diploid body cells and haploid gametes.
C)It has a complex life cycle with alternation between multicellular diploid and haploid generations.
D)It has a multicellular haploid stage that alternates with a unicellular diploid stage.

Question 42

Multicellular organisms evolved from three different ancestral lineages: alveolates, unikonts, and archaeplastids. Of these, fungi and animals evolved from two different lineages of ________, and land plants are ________.

A)alveolates; unikonts
B)alveolates; archaeplastids
C)unikonts; archaeplastids
D)archaeplastids; unikonts

Question 43

In 2012, scientists discovered that colonies of single-celled organisms can be found in high numbers in the human gut. Scientists are particularly concerned with the colonies that produce methane, as methane in the human gut can be linked to constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The scientists can classify these colonies as belonging to the domain

A)Archaea.
B)Bacteria.
C)Eukarya.
D)Protista.

Question 44

Which two groups of protists produce hard, mineralized skeletal structures or cell walls that contribute to marine sediments and form fossils?

A)green algae and brown algae
B)foraminiferans and radiolarians
C)dinoflagellates and diatoms
D)cellular slime molds and water molds

Question 45

A patient visits her doctor complaining of stomach cramps, vomiting, and nausea. When he takes a bacterial sample, he determines that Escherichia coli bacteria have used their ________ to attach to the cells lining her gastrointestinal tract.

A)cilia
B)flagella
C)fimbriae
D)peptidoglycan

Question 46

In 2012, scientists studied modern Marchantia liverwort plants and observed that they not only are able to make their own food using energy from sunlight but also absorb chemical nutrients from plant material in aquatic environments. They classified this plant as a

A)chemoheterotroph.
B)photoautotroph.
C)mixotroph.
D)chemoautotroph.

Question 47

You take a 1-mL sample of pond water and add it to a colorless, viscous media in a small petri dish. When you place it under your dissecting microscope, you see three organisms. Two are struggling to move efficiently through the media, while the third moves more quickly. You attribute the faster movement to the third organism's

A)thick cell wall.
B)flagella.
C)fimbriae.
D)chloroplasts.

Question 48

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas?

A)pseudopodia
B)microvilli
C)cilia
D)flagella

Question 49

Many species of which protist group have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains?

A)excavates
B)rhizarians
C)ciliates
D)unikonts

Question 50

You collect a protist from a rotting log and grow it in a petri dish containing E. coli, which it engulfs. For a while the protists multiply as single cells. Then the E. coli run short, and the protists aggregate to form a clump, which rises up to become a stalked structure with a globular head. What kind of protist do you have?

A)a plasmodial slime mold
B)a cellular slime mold
C)a free-living amoeba
D)a water mold

Question 51

If a prokaryote is placed in an aquatic environment that has moderate sunlight availability as well as dead plant material, an effective mode of nutrition would be

A)photoautotrophic behavior.
B)chemotrophic behavior.
C)mixotrophic behavior.
D)chemoautotrophic behavior.

Question 52

In a process called phytoremediation, specific plants are planted in areas where toxic chemicals have contaminated groundwater. The roots absorb the contaminants to help eliminate the tainted water, which is often drinking water. This is an example of

A)an endotoxin.
B)a microbial community.
C)bioremediation.
D)a biofilm.

Question 53

Bioventing is a scientific technology that uses microorganisms to break down components of fuels in groundwater. Bioventing is an example of

A)a microbial community.
B)bioremediation.
C)biofilm-forming bacteria.
D)a radiolarian community.

Question 54

Humans are an example of

A)chemoautotrophs.
B)photoautotrophs.
C)chemoheterotrophs.
D)photoheterotrophs.

Question 55

Which of the following is a parasitic excavate that causes African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the tsetse fly?

A)Plasmodium
B)Trypanosoma
C)Paramecium
D)Amoeba

Question 56

You hang a microscope slide from a submerged, L-shaped PVC pipe in lake water that is 2 feet deep. The slide hangs 6 inches below the surface of the water and remains there for eight weeks. When you remove it and bring it to your lab for observation, you see that algae, bacteria, and even some fungi have colonized the slide. You determine that you are looking at a/an

A)biofilm.
B)community of eukaryotes.
C)biological weapon.
D)endotoxin.

Question 57

When snapping shrimp are building their homes in the seafloor, goby fish keep guard and flap their tails when danger is approaching. As part of this relationship, the shrimp allow the gobies to sleep in the burrow and use it for cover from predators. This is an example of

A)symbiosis.
B)biofilms.
C)bioremediation.
D)endosymbiosis.

Question 58

When hermit crabs crawl across the ocean floor, they often have sea anemones attached to their backs. The anemones use their dangerous tentacles to keep hermit crab predators at bay, and they dine on the particles of food that the crab does not eat. This is an example of

A)bioremediation.
B)alternation of generations.
C)symbiosis.
D)endosymbiosis.

Question 59

Plasmodial slime molds

A)are photoautotrophic.
B)are marine decomposers.
C)contain many nuclei in one mass of cytoplasm.
D)are primitive fungi.

Question 60

There is a good chance you will eat carrageenan today and that you will eat nori at some point in your life, if you haven't already. In either case, you will be eating a product of

A)brown algae.
B)red algae.
C)green algae.
D)diatoms.

Question 61

Algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis.

A)1, 2
B)3, 4
C)1, 6
D)2, 6

Question 62

Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis.

Question 63

According to the figure, green alga resulted from ________, and Euglena resulted from ________.

A)primary endosymbiosis; both primary and secondary endosymbiosis
B)primary endosymbiosis; primary endosymbiosis
C)both primary and secondary endosymbiosis; secondary endosymbiosis only
D)secondary endosymbiosis only; primary endosymbiosis

Question 64

You are studying a mini-ecosystem that you created from samples of lake water, plants, and sediment. Your teacher tells you to drop about 10 sesame seeds on the top of the water because they will attract some interesting organisms. One week later, you see that the seeds are surrounded by white fuzz that is extending off of the seeds, and you conclude that the decomposing seeds have been colonized by

A)diatoms.
B)brown algae.
C)unikonts.
D)water molds.

Question 65

The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a protein that is secreted into its environment. The protein inhibits synthesis of elongation factor 2 (another protein)in humans. This effect may sound dangerous, but it has been considered as a possible treatment for hepatitis B. The protein produced by P. aeruginosa is a/an ________.

A)endotoxin
B)exotoxin
C)biological weapon
D)biofilm

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding Ulva is true?

A)Ulva, a green algae, resembles land plants because it produces diploid gametes.
B)Ulva, a brown algae, has a complex life cycle with diploid body cells and haploid gametes.
C)Ulva, a green algae, has a complex life cycle with diploid body cells and haploid gametes.
D)Ulva, a green algae, has a complex life cycle with alternation between multicellular diploid and haploid generations.

Question 67

Some current research efforts are investigating whether or not ________, a group of prokaryotes with the ability to produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, can be used as a source of renewable energy by converting sunlight into electricity.

A)chlamydias
B)spirochetes
C)proteobacteria
D)cyanobacteria

Question 68

Compost piles create an intense heat source and would therefore be suitable environments for ________.

A)extreme thermophiles
B)extreme halophiles
C)methanogens
D)proteobacteria

Question 69

The famous pink-colored sand of Bermuda's beaches is due to crushed shells of ________, marine organisms with tests (porous shells)made of organic material hardened by calcium carbonate.

A)radiolarians
B)green algae
C)foraminifera
D)lobsters

Question 70

Alginates are used in many everyday products, including toothpaste and soap. When added to water, they form a thick gel that binds or emulsifies liquids. Alginates come from a group of multicellular stramenopiles that have one pigment that masks all others and therefore gives these organisms a distinctive, dark color. Alginates are derived from

A)green algae.
B)brown algae.
C)water molds.
D)dinoflagellates.

Question 71

Protozoans were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary endosymbiosis.

Question 72

Mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis

Question 73

Someone diagnosed with meningitis has inflamed membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is a result of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that cause extreme infections when their bacterial cell wall dies and lipopolysaccharide (a lipid and polysaccharide)is released. The lipopolysaccharide is an example of a/an

A)endotoxin.
B)exotoxin.
C)stomach microbiota.
D)parasite.

Question 74

Which stage of the life cycle shown is the sporophyte?

A)stage A
B)stage B
C)stage C
D)stage D

Question 75

Choose two of the following events in protist evolution and then put them in the correct order in which they occur according to current science.

Question 76

Some white blood cells are able to surround and ingest bacteria. Which of the following would you expect to see as part of the blood cell structure?

A)secondary cell walls
B)flagella
C)pseudopodia
D)cilia

Question 77

If you place an organism classified as a photoautotroph at the bottom of a lake and later see that it is able to acquire nutrients from dead plant material, you can conclude the photoautotroph is actually a

A)photoheterotroph.
B)chemoautotroph.
C)chemoheterotroph.
D)mixotroph.

Question 78

Chloroplasts evolved through secondary endosymbiosis.

Question 79

Dunaliella salina is a bacterium that is able to live in aqueous solutions with such high salt concentrations that the salt cannot fully dissolve. D. salina is an example of a/an

A)extreme thermophile.
B)extreme halophile.
C)methanogen.
D)proteobacteria.

Question 80

Chloroplasts and then mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis.