Deck 21: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the parts of the human digestive system, from first to last contact with food matter?

A)pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
B)oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C)esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
D)oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following choices lists the organs of the bird digestive system in the correct order, from first to last contact with food material?

A)esophagus, stomach, gizzard, crop, intestine, anus
B)esophagus, gizzard, crop, stomach, intestine, anus
C)esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine, anus
D)esophagus, crop, gizzard, stomach, intestine, anus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called

A)ingestion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)peristalsis.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding animals is false?

A)Animals that eat plants are called herbivores.
B)Animals that eat meat are called carnivores.
C)Animals that live in or on their food source and eat their way through it are called filter feeders.
D)Animals that extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water are called fluid feeders.

Question 5

Which of the following organisms has a gastrovascular cavity?

A)hydra
B)earthworm
C)clam
D)bird

Question 6

An alimentary canal is best defined as

A)the compartment in which an animal temporarily stores its food.
B)a digestive cavity in which food is churned and mixed.
C)a tube-shaped compartment for the transport, digestion, and absorption of food.
D)an organ designed for regulation of food passage.

Question 7

Through digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into

A)fatty acids.
B)monosaccharides.
C)glycerols.
D)amino acids.

Question 8

Regulation of the passage of food from the stomach is accomplished by

A)peristalsis.
B)nutrient absorption.
C)sphincters.
D)the stomach lining.

Question 9

Human saliva performs all of the following functions except

A)neutralizing food acids.
B)controlling bacterial populations.
C)hydrolyzing starch.
D)hydrolyzing proteins.

Question 10

During which of the following stages of food processing is undigested material removed from the digestive tract?

A)absorption
B)elimination
C)digestion
D)ingestion

Question 11

The main function of the hindgut in the grasshopper is to

A)reabsorb water and compact wastes.
B)digest food.
C)absorb nutrients.
D)absorb vitamins and pulverize food.

Question 12

What is the name given to the starch-digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands?

A)bile salts
B)lipase
C)pepsin
D)amylase

Question 13

Most animals are

A)bulk feeders.
B)filter feeders.
C)suspension feeders.
D)fluid feeders.

Question 14

Nectarivores drink flower nectar that is a sugary sweet liquid. Nectarivores are an example of ________.

A)filter feeders
B)bulk feeders
C)fluid feeders
D)carnivores

Question 15

The main function of an earthworm's gizzard is to

A)moisten food.
B)store food.
C)absorb food.
D)grind food.

Question 16

What happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal's digestive tract?

A)They are absorbed whole and are then broken down into monomers within cells that ultimately use them.
B)Proteins and nucleic acids are digested into monomers before absorption; energy-storage macromolecules (starch and fat)are absorbed whole.
C)The digestive breakdown of macromolecules determines the monomers that are immediately needed and therefore produced.
D)Nutrient macromolecules are digested into monomers before absorption.

Question 17

Digestion is the

A)absorption of nutrients suspended in water.
B)conversion of glycogen to glucose.
C)breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb.
D)churning of food in the stomach and intestine.

Question 18

An animal digestive tract that consists of two openings (a mouth and anus)is called

A)an excretory system.
B)an alimentary canal.
C)an intestine.
D)an avian (bird)crop.

Question 19

Through digestion, nucleic acids are broken down into

A)fatty acids.
B)glycerols.
C)nucleotides.
D)amino acids.

Question 20

Digestion begins in the

A)small intestine.
B)oral cavity.
C)esophagus.
D)stomach.

Question 21

The mucus-producing cells that line the stomach

A)increase the surface of the stomach for faster digestion.
B)stimulate production of hydrochloric acid.
C)lubricate and protect the stomach lining.
D)move food upward in the stomach to prolong digestion.

Question 22

The function of the sphincter between the stomach and small intestine is to

A)retain chyme in the stomach until pepsin digestion is complete.
B)periodically release chyme into the small intestine in squirts.
C)release bile into the duodenum when chyme is present.
D)release pancreatic secretions into the duodenum when chyme is present.

Question 23

Most gastric ulcers are caused by

A)overuse of aspirin and/or ibuprofen.
B)excessive mental stress.
C)bacteria.
D)overconsumption of alcohol.

Question 24

The structure of the esophagus fits its function in that

A)it can direct food to the lungs or stomach.
B)it has smooth muscle for peristalsis.
C)it is regulated by contractions in the pharynx.
D)its length determines the volume of food an animal can ingest.

Question 25

When the wall of the stomach cannot protect the organ from the effects of digestion, the result is

A)heartburn.
B)peristalsis.
C)nausea.
D)a gastric ulcer.

Question 26

The secretory parietal cells of the stomach are responsible for producing

A)mucus.
B)pepsin.
C)hydrochloric acid.
D)lactic acid.

Question 27

The tongue does all of the following except

A)taste food.
B)shape food into a ball called a bolus.
C)secrete saliva.
D)push food into the pharynx.

Question 28

Lack of exercise and activity can be one of several reasons a person might become constipated, or be unable to have regular bowel movements. Which of the four stages of food processing is directly affected in this situation?

A)ingestion
B)digestion
C)absorption
D)elimination

Question 29

Which enzyme breaks large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides?

A)amylase
B)lipase
C)lactase
D)chymotrypsin

Question 30

Which of the following mechanisms helps keep the stomach lining in place despite the destructive force of gastric juice?

A)digestion of protein by pepsin
B)secretion of acid-neutralizing compounds
C)generation through mitosis of new cells to replace the stomach lining
D)protection of the cells of the stomach-lining by parietal cells

Question 31

Heartburn is usually caused by the

A)secretion of acid by the lining of the lower esophagus.
B)reflux of chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus.
C)retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open.
D)irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food.

Question 32

Epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the rate of nutrient absorption. These projections are called

A)villi.
B)cilia.
C)microvilli.
D)parietal cells.

Question 33

The epiglottis is a

A)muscle that moves the esophagus into line with the pharynx during swallowing.
B)muscle that moves the trachea out of line with the pharynx during swallowing.
C)flap of cartilage that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing.
D)muscle sphincter that closes off the entry to the trachea during swallowing.

Question 34

What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?

A)to produce digestive enzymes and bile salts
B)to produce digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution
C)to produce bicarbonate-containing mucus
D)to aid in the control of cholesterol

Question 35

Which of the following is important in the digestion of lipids?

A)pepsin
B)amylase
C)bile salts
D)trypsin

Question 36

Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine.

A)pancreas
B)blood
C)gallbladder
D)common bile duct

Question 37

In the digestive system, most nutrient absorption occurs in the

A)stomach.
B)pancreas.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?

A)fat
B)protein
C)starch
D)polypeptide

Question 39

The stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form

A)gastric juice.
B)a parietal bolus.
C)gastrin.
D)chyme.

Question 40

The Heimlich maneuver is performed to forcibly

A)elevate the diaphragm.
B)depress the diaphragm.
C)squeeze the ribs.
D)compress the intestines.

Question 41

The rate of energy consumption by an animal is called

A)metabolism.
B)digestion.
C)metabolic rate.
D)glycolysis.

Question 42

All animals must obtain ________ from outside sources.

A)preformed ATP
B)fuel to power body activities
C)enzymes
D)chyme

Question 43

Interestingly, most herbivorous animals do not have the ability to digest the cellulose in plants. However, in the absence of this ability, a mechanism has evolved that allows them to survive despite eating only plant matter, namely,

A)production of saliva containing amylase.
B)digestion by symbiotic microorganisms.
C)avoidance of plants containing cellulose.
D)converting cellulose to other carbohydrates.

Question 44

Essential fatty acids, which are required in the human diet, are

A)those fatty acids that humans are unable to synthesize.
B)the fatty acids that humans can synthesize from simpler molecules.
C)the fatty acids used in the construction of the phospholipids of cell membranes.
D)stored in the gallbladder.

Question 45

The minimal amount of nutrients needed every day by healthy people to prevent nutrient deficiencies is called the

A)RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance.
B)minimum mineral requirements.
C)minimum vitamin requirements.
D)varied diet of minerals and vitamins.

Question 46

Reabsorption of water is a major function of the

A)esophagus.
B)colon.
C)rectum.
D)appendix.

Question 47

Which of the following choices correctly pairs a mineral with one of its major functions in the body?

A)calcium, used in amino acid metabolism
B)phosphorus, maintaining water balance
C)iron, component of the nucleic acid backbone
D)sodium, maintaining water balance in cells

Question 48

Altogether, the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

A)30%
B)50%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is false?

A)The basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy an animal needs just to stay alive; it does not include the energy needed for activities.
B)Cells usually use carbohydrates and fats as fuel sources.
C)Humans store some extra energy in the form of glycogen reserves in the pancreas and spleen.
D)The average basal metabolic rate is 1300-1500 kcal per day for females and 1600-1800 kcal per day for males.

Question 50

Nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver, which

A)converts the nutrients into monomers.
B)converts excess glucose to glycogen.
C)manages the amount of glucose that is converted to amylase.
D)converts glucose to alcohol.

Question 51

Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is true?

A)They are simple inorganic compounds.
B)They must be ingested in large quantities.
C)They can serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes.
D)They are major sources of dietary calories.

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding animal digestive systems is false?

A)We expect that an herbivore will have a longer alimentary canal than a carnivore of similar body size.
B)Meat is more difficult to digest than vegetable matter because of its protein content.
C)Many herbivorous animals have cellulose-digesting microbes in their colon and cecum.
D)When cows chew their cud, it helps to soften and break down plant fibers, making these more accessible to digestion by microbes.

Question 53

The essential amino acids

A)must be obtained from the food we eat.
B)are found only in green, leafy vegetables.
C)are essential as an energy source.
D)are required for making nucleic acids.

Question 54

Vegetarians who rely upon a single type of plant food

A)may become severely dehydrated.
B)run the risk of depleting their liver of glycogen.
C)are soon unable to produce sufficient quantities of bile.
D)may become protein-deficient.

Question 55

Which of the following digestive system structures is greatly expanded in size in koalas, resulting in a very large surface area for prokaryotes to digest plant material?

A)stomach
B)rumen
C)cecum
D)gall bladder

Question 56

A material that must be ingested in preassembled form because the animal cannot synthesize it is

A)an end product.
B)adenosine triphosphate.
C)glucose.
D)an essential nutrient.

Question 57

If a person on a fad diet experiences muscle cramps, a physician would suspect that this individual is likely suffering from a deficiency of

A)table salt.
B)iodine.
C)iron.
D)calcium.

Question 58

Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble and, consequently, can be stored in body fat?

A)biotin
B)pantothenic acid
C)niacin
D)K

Question 59

Organisms suffering from malnutrition may have a diet deficient in

A)one or more essential nutrients.
B)bile and acids needed for digestion.
C)digestive enzymes.
D)water.

Question 60

Lions are not always successful hunters and may go days between meals. What evolutionary adaptation helps the lion survive periods of famine?

A)formation of a two-chambered stomach
B)an extended cecum
C)an expandable stomach
D)a rich microbial flora in the colon

Question 61

Which of the following is widely regarded as a healthy approach to losing weight?

A)gastric bypass surgery
B)regularly engaging in exercise in addition to monitoring food intake
C)substituting fatty acids for carbohydrates
D)trimming daily carbohydrates back to less than 80 grams per day

Question 62

Which of the following diseases is associated with obesity?

A)chicken pox
B)multiple sclerosis
C)cardiovascular disease
D)rheumatoid arthritis

Question 63

Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease?

A)high levels of HDL
B)high levels of LDL
C)high consumption of trans fats
D)high consumption of dietary cholesterol

Question 64

A normal BMI (body mass index)for a person who is 6' 1" and weighs 150 pounds would be

A)approximately 18.5-20.
B)approximately 23-24.
C)approximately 17.5-18.5.
D)approximately 25-26.

Question 65

Which of these teeth is an incisor?

A)tooth A
B)tooth B
C)tooth C
D)tooth D

Question 66

Scientists have studied the effects of television watching on the metabolic rate of children and its potential implications for childhood obesity. In a study of 15 obese children and 16 normal weight children, it was found that the metabolic rate of all children significantly decreased while watching television compared to their metabolic rate when they were at normal rest. The drop was greater for obese children, but the difference in drops between the two groups of children was not statistically significant. What is a reasonable conclusion to draw from this study?

A)Television watching does not affect childhood obesity.
B)Television watching is an activity that should be carefully considered when studying factors that may affect adult obesity.
C)Television watching contributes more to childhood obesity than the overconsumption of sugary foods.
D)Television watching is an activity that should be carefully considered when studying factors that may affect childhood obesity.

Question 67

Enzymes are required to help digest the four large macromolecules found in the foods we eat. Which of the following is not a true representation of the enzymes that digest these macromolecules?

A)Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by pancreatic amylase to maltose, which is then hydrolyzed by maltase to form monosaccharides.
B)Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by nucleases to maltose, which is then hydrolyzed by lipase to form monosaccharides.
C)Polypeptides are hydrolyzed by trypsin to small polypeptides, which are then hydrolyzed by peptidases to form amino acids.
D)Fat globules are hydrolyzed by bile salt fat droplets, which are then hydrolyzed by lipase to form fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 68

According to the figure above, which amino acid is found in corn but not in beans?

A)methionine
B)valine
C)threonine
D)lysine

Question 69

Why would a person not get vitamin A from a salad filled with leafy green vegetables unless the salad also has nuts, cheese, or meat?

A)because vitamin A is fat-soluble
B)because vitamin A is only found in meat
C)because vitamin A is water-soluble
D)because vitamin A is needed to maintain osmotic balance of human cells

Question 70

Pica is a disorder that is characterized by a desire to consume dirt or clay, both of which contain iron. Pica can be associated with an iron deficiency that may cause

A)muscle cramps.
B)tooth decay.
C)anemia.
D)paralysis.

Question 71

Xerostomia is the scientific name for "dry mouth." Dry mouth can be a medical concern because chronic dry mouth can lead to dental problems as well as problems tasting, chewing, and swallowing. Dry mouth is likely due to an inadequate production of ________.

A)saliva
B)chyme
C)amylase
D)bile

Question 72

Refer to the figure above. As an adult, if you had to choose only one of these two foods (corn or beans)to provide you with essential amino acids, which would you choose?

A)corn, because it provides more essential amino acids than beans
B)beans, because they provide more essential amino acids than corn
C)Both are choices of the same value because they provide histidine.
D)corn, because it grows more successfully than beans

Question 73

Metabolic activities that involve "burning" carbohydrates release energy. When our bodies "burn" carbohydrates, what are we doing?

A)transferring some energy from the carbohydrate molecule to other molecules and releasing lower energy food molecules into the alimentary canal
B)breaking down food molecules into smaller molecules such as simple sugars that have more energy than the original food molecule and can be used in the cell more easily
C)transferring energy from the bonds in food molecules to molecules that make that energy more readily available (like ATP)and releasing simple low-energy molecules (like CO₂ and H₂O)to the environment
D)breaking down carbohydrate molecules to smaller components that are then used to build larger molecules that the body needs

Question 74

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Fred is a 24-year-old college student whose father was just diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Since he knows that these problems often run in families, Fred has asked his doctor to recommend a plan so that he can minimize his risk of developing similar problems. The following are a few of the doctor's recommendations: quit smoking, exercise for at least 30 minutes per day, reduce saturated fats and trans fats in his diet, and increase the number of fruits and vegetables in his diet.
Which of the following would match his doctor's recommendations?

A)Eat fewer foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
B)Eat fewer foods that contain antioxidants.
C)Avoid cooking with olive oil.
D)Switch to a low-carb diet.

Question 75

Which arrow shows the release of digestive enzymes by the pancreas?

A)arrow A
B)arrow B
C)arrow C
D)arrow D

Question 76

When taken by pregnant women, ________ decreases the chance of neural tube defects in infants.

A)folic acid
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin K
D)calcium

Question 77

A person who is 5' 7" and weighs 170 pounds would be considered

A)normal.
B)overweight.
C)obese.
D)extremely obese.

Question 78

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Fred is a 24-year-old college student whose father was just diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Since he knows that these problems often run in families, Fred has asked his doctor to recommend a plan so that he can minimize his risk of developing similar problems. The following are a few of the doctor's recommendations: quit smoking, exercise for at least 30 minutes per day, reduce saturated fats and trans fats in his diet, and increase the number of fruits and vegetables in his diet.
Fred explained to his family how the doctor's advice would help prevent cardiovascular disease, but he made a mistake in his explanation. Which of the following statements is false?

A)A diet high in saturated fats is associated with a higher risk of heart disease.
B)A diet high in saturated fats tends to increase LDL levels.
C)Exercise increases the body's production of LDL.
D)Smoking will increase the body's production of LDL.

Question 79

Which of the following is a hormone produced by adipose cells that helps to control appetite?

A)insulin
B)bile
C)gastrin
D)leptin

Question 80

To reduce the risk of cancer, it has been suggested that a diet high in ________ is beneficial.

A)vitamin E
B)bacon
C)red meat
D)antioxidants