Deck 8: Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups

Question 1

Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time:

A)in noncriminal activities
B)at drug and alcohol parties
C)partying with gang chicks
D)planning and committing crime

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In some instances, a peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity. When this happens:

A)an out-group is transformed into a social category
B)a crowd is transformed into a gang
C)a clique is transformed into a gang
D)an in-group is transformed into an out-group

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A crowd is defined as:

A)loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities
B)small groups of friends who engage in crime and use drugs and alcohol
C)small groups of friends who share activities and confidences
D)large hoards of youths who share common locations like schools and neighborhoods

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A _________________ gang is heavily involved in criminality, particularly in drug sales and they use violence to establish control over drug sale territories.

A)social
B)party
C)organized
D)none of the above

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in the United States?

A)political, to spread the influence of gangs
B)social, the gang member's family moves
C)economic, to spread the drug distribution network
D)social, to spread the social networks of the gang

Question 6

Fagan described this type of gang as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana.

A)social
B)party
C)serious
D)organized

Question 7

According to the text, __________________ are aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers.

A)controversial status youth
B)millennium ragers
C)street punks
D)honor roll students

Question 8

Fagan described this gang as concentrating on drug use and drug sales, but they do not participate in most other types of delinquent activities; drug sales are designed to finance members' personal drug habits.

A)social
B)party
C)serious
D)organized

Question 9

______________________ was terrorized by organized gangs that called themselves "Hectors," "Bugles," "Dead Boys," and other colorful names.

A)London
B)New York
C)Boston
D)Seattle

Question 10

Which of the following statements best reflects control theory?

A)delinquents are alienated from conventional peers, but have strong bonds to delinquent peers
B)delinquents are alienated from their conventional peers and from their delinquent peers
C)delinquents learn delinquent values, attitudes, and behaviors from their peers
D)none of the above statements reflect control theory

Question 11

An estimated 27,000 gangs containing about ______________ gang members were active in the United States,

A)320,000
B)600,000
C)800,000
D)1,200,000

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true?

A)delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble"
B)youths who maintain friendships with antisocial peers are less likely to become delinquent
C)as children move through the life course, they outgrow their antisocial friends
D)troubled kids choose delinquent peers out of desire rather than necessity

Question 13

Co-offending is defined as:

A)the tendency for youths to commit 2 or more delinquent acts rather than a single act
B)the tendency for youths to use drugs or alcohol when they commit delinquent acts
C)the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone
D)the tendency for youths to commit delinquent acts when with older youths

Question 14

Previously impoverished inner-city districts of major cities such as New York and Chicago are now quite fashionable and expensive, devoted to finance, retail stores, high-priced condos, and entertainment. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of this development that inhibits urban gang formation?

A)there are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits
B)juveniles who live there often work in the financial and commercial businesses
C)there are less police there to catch potential law violators
D)there is less to steal in those areas

Question 15

According to __________________ theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

A)sociocultural
B)control
C)social disorganization
D)strain

Question 16

A clique is defined as:

A)loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities
B)small groups of friends who engage in crime and use drugs and alcohol
C)small groups of friends who share activities and confidences
D)large hoards of youths who share common locations like schools and neighborhoods

Question 17

According to the text, females are involved in gangs in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways?

A)as auxiliaries of male gangs
B)as part of sexually mixed gangs
C)as back-up gangs
D)as autonomous gangs

Question 18

According to Fagan, which of the following categories of gangs is "on the verge of becoming a formal criminal organization"?

A)a social gang
B)a party gang
C)a serious delinquent gang
D)an organized gang

Question 19

According to Thrasher, ___________________ areas are cracks and voids in the social, political, and economic fabric of society.

A)extraterrestrial
B)spacial elliptical
C)interstitial
D)geographic void

Question 20

A ________________ gang concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior.

A)social
B)party
C)serious delinquent
D)organized

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true?

A)kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival
B)gangs appeal to kids' tribal instincts
C)gangs form because of destructive sociocultural forces in disorganized inner-city areas
D)kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders

Question 22

Thrasher defines a gang as an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously and then integrated through conflict.

Question 23

Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time in noncriminal activities.

Question 24

According to the "social injury" view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

Question 25

According to the ___________________ view, gangs appeal to adolescents' longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)rational choice
D)anthropological

Question 26

Klikas are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang.

Question 27

National data indicate that about _______ percent of gang members are female.

A)20
B)15
C)10
D)30

Question 28

According to the ____________________ view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

A)liberation
B)social injury
C)rational choice
D)anthropological

Question 29

William Julius Wilson contends that older members are still active to some degree in gangs because:

A)young adults choose gang life over conventional roles
B)older gang members are forced to remain through fear and intimidation
C)they occupy lucrative leadership roles in the gang
D)of the inability to find adequate jobs

Question 30

In recent years, gang control has often been left to local police departments and has taken three basic forms. Which of the following is not one of these basic forms?

A)youth services programs
B)gang details
C)gang units
D)peer-gang educators

Question 31

A "hybrid gang culture" is one with multiple methods of operation.

Question 32

Control theorists contend that delinquents are alienated from conventional society, but maintain strong positive bonds to delinquent friends.

Question 33

Gang experts believe the average age of gang members has been increasing, a condition explained in part by the changing structure of the economy.

Question 34

The __________________ gang was created in Los Angeles, California in 1969 by teens Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams.

A)Bloods
B)Crips
C)Savage Skulls
D)Black Assassins

Question 35

Gangs that are described as "near-groups" have limited cohesion and disturbed leadership.

Question 36

According to control theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

Question 37

The earliest gangs, the Wah Ching, were formed in the nineteenth century by Chinese youths affiliated with adult crime groups called:

A)triads
B)tongs
C)hui kuan
D)tsu

Question 38

According to the liberation view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of "sisterhood," independence, and solidarity, as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.

Question 39

When gang members toss or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership, this is called:

A)fronting
B)passing
C)badging
D)representing

Question 40

Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study indicate gang members account for a significant portion of all violent and drug crimes. According to the text, these data support which of the following theories?

A)control theory
B)gang-crime association theory
C)rational choice theory
D)social disorganization theory

Question 41

According to the text, programs that improve the lives of adolescents are the key to reducing gang delinquency.

Question 42

________________ are gang members who belong to a street gang whose criminal behavior tends to be more individual, less organized, and less gang directed.

Question 43

About half of all gangs in the U.S. are European American.

Question 44

According to __________________ theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

Question 45

Strength or power is asserted through the terms rifa, which means to rule, and controllo indicating that the gang controls the area.

Question 46

Fagan described a ______________ gang as concentrating on drug use and drug sales, but they do not participate in most other types of delinquent activities.

Question 47

The _______________ is a Latino word meaning neighborhood.

Question 48

According to the text, graffiti that has been crossed-out is an indication that a territory is contested by a rival gang.

Question 49

Detached street worker programs are sometimes credited with curbing gang activities in the 1980s and 1990s.

Question 50

___________________ have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations.

Question 51

____________________ youth are aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers and who are the ones most likely to become engaged in antisocial behavior.

Question 52

A popular headpiece among Asian gang members is the "stingy brim" fedora or a baseball cap with the wearer's nickname and gang affiliation written on the bill.

Question 53

Gang formation typically occurs when members of an ethnic minority join together for self-preservation.

Question 54

Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study indicated that only 15 percent of all reported delinquents acts were committed by gang members.

Question 55

Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences are called
____________________.

Question 56

Thrasher defines a gang as an __________________ group originally formed spontaneously and then integrated through conflict.

Question 57

"Prestige crimes" occur when a gang members steals or assaults someone to get out of the gang.

Question 58

______________ are loosely organized groups who share interests and activities.

Question 59

Fagan described the ________________ gang as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana.

Question 60

According to the anthropological view, kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders.

Question 61

According to the ________________ view of gang formation, kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival.

Question 62

According to the __________________ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of "sisterhood," independence, and solidarity.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the anthropological, the sociocultural, the psychological, and the rational choice views of gang formation.

Question 64

Compare and contrast Africa American, Hispanic, Asian, and Anglo gangs. (pp. 194-196)

Question 65

According to the "_________________" view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.

Question 66

A major source of communication by gangs is a type of wall writing called
___________________.

Question 67

The ___________________ hypothesis asserts that gang membership facilitates deviant behavior, because it provides the structure and group support for antisocial activities.

Question 68

Based on the information presented in the text, briefly describe how gangs developed in the United States.

Question 69

According to the ___________________ view, gangs appeal to kids' tribal instincts.

Question 70

When gang members toss or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership, this is called ________________.

Question 71

Identify and discuss the four types of gangs presented in the text. (p.186)

Question 72

The ___________________ hypothesis asserts that kids with a history of crime and violence join gangs and maintain their persistent delinquency once they become members.

Question 73

Identify and discuss the five elements of Spergel's Community Gang Control Program presented in your text.

Question 74

____________________ involve stealing or assaulting someone to gain prestige in the neighborhood and are often part of gang initiation rites.

Question 75

Many Anglo gangs are derivatives of the English punk and _______________ movement of the 1970s.