Deck 12: Police Work With Juveniles

Question 1

_________________ refers to facts, circumstances, and evidence which would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a specific person did it.

A)Probable cause
B)Reasonable suspicion
C)Reasonable doubt
D)Preponderance of the evidence

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Handling juvenile offenders can produce major ___________ for police; they may experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders.

A)moral dilemmas
B)role conflicts
C)migraines
D)legal uncertainties

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to _____________________, juveniles can waive their Miranda rights, but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case, otherwise known as the totality of the circumstances.

A)People v. Lara
B)Courtright v. Pennsylvania
C)Miranda v. Arizona
D)California v. Prysock

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about police informants is true?

A)they share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment
B)they are undercover cops that develop access to criminal networks
C)the evidence obtained through informants is inadmissible in court
D)they are not utilized during investigations involving juveniles

Question 5

What policing system was used in England prior to the Norman conquest and the establishment of the watch system?

A)constable system
B)pledge system
C)posse system
D)community policing

Question 6

Juveniles are protected against "___________________" searches and seizures.

A)unfair
B)intrusive
C)unreasonable
D)none of the above

Question 7

The protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is contained within the ________________ Amendment.

A)First
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth

Question 8

In ______________________, the Supreme Court rules that a child's asking to speak to his probation officer was not the equivalent of asking for an attorney.

A)Miranda v. Arizona
B)California v. Prysock
C)Fare v. Michael C.
D)People v. Lara

Question 9

Which of the following statements about juveniles' views about the police is false?

A)African American teens are more likely to view the police favorably than their white counterparts
B)White non-Hispanic youth are the least likely to have a favorable view of the police of all racial/ethic groups
C)Asian and Hispanic youth are less likely to view the police favorably than their African American counterparts
D)all of the above are true

Question 10

Crimes such as murder, rape, and ________________ are felonies.

A)speeding
B)disturbing the peace
C)petty larceny
D)robbery

Question 11

What happens with illegally seized evidence in juvenile proceedings?

A)It can be used against the youth
B)It is inadmissible in a juvenile trial
C)It can be used against the youth, but only if it points to their guilt
D)It can be used at the youth's hearing, and the officers can be liable for the intrusion

Question 12

The ______________ system was the organization of men in early English society who patrolled areas at night to protect against disturbances and breaches of the peace.

A)posse system
B)watch system
C)guardian angel system
D)Knights of Columbus system

Question 13

__________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.

A)Q and A session
B)Custodial interrogation
C)Incident to an arrest
D)Miranda warnings

Question 14

It is estimated that _____ percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally within the police department or referred to a community service agency.

A)10
B)22
C)35
D)43

Question 15

Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?

A)reasonable suspicion
B)beyond a reasonable doubt
C)absolute certainty
D)probable cause

Question 16

The right to remain silent, right to an attorney, and the idea that statements made voluntarily will be used against the person make up the:

A)Idiot's Guide to Police Interrogations
B)Miranda warning
C)totality of the circumstances
D)Juvenile Rights Waiver

Question 17

For every five hundred juveniles taken into custody, around _____ percent are sent to juvenile court.

A)96
B)66
C)36
D)16

Question 18

___________________ was the chief of police in Berkeley, California, who required university training, used modern management techniques, and instituted prevention programs.

A)O.W. Wilson
B)Parker
C)Peel
D)Vollmer

Question 19

The first professional police force was established in 1829 in:

A)Boston
B)New York City
C)London
D)Athens

Question 20

According to People v. Lara, juveniles can waive their Miranda rights, but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case; this illustrates the ______________________ doctrine.

A)wait and see
B)age/height criterion
C)IQ waiver
D)totality of the circumstances

Question 21

Operation Ceasefire has two main elements: a direct law enforcement focus on illicit gun traffickers who supply youth with guns and:

A)an attempt to generate a strong deterrent to gang violence
B)reduction in unlicensed street vendors
C)reduction in truancy in city schools
D)reintegration of hard core gang members into conventional society

Question 22

The FBI estimates that almost two-thirds of all juvenile arrests are:

A)referred to juvenile court
B)referred to another agency
C)referred to criminal court
D)handled informally and released

Question 23

The systematic nature of problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model, often referred to as:

A)B.A.R.T.
B)C.O.P.S.
C)S.A.R.A.
D)D.A.R.E.

Question 24

Juveniles are protected against unreasonable searches and seizures, as well as against self-incrimination.

Question 25

Most courts have held that the Fourth Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.

Question 26

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is one example of a _______________________ partnership to prevent delinquency.

A)police and community
B)school and community
C)police and school
D)police and community

Question 27

In felony cases, the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that a crime took place and that the juvenile did it.

Question 28

Since the mid-1960s, any incriminating statements arising from a "custodial interrogation" cannot be used at trial.

Question 29

Since the mid-1990s, the juvenile violence rate has increased substantially.

Question 30

Study after study find that Native American teens are the most likely to view the police as dishonest.

Question 31

Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process. Which of the following is not one of these variables?

A)the attitude of the complainant
B)the type and seriousness of the offense
C)the offender's prior contacts with the police
D)the officer's personality type

Question 32

In misdemeanor cases, the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody.

Question 33

The first organized police force was created in London in 1829.

Question 34

_______________ refers to a style of law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.

A)Traditional policing
B)Problem-oriented policing
C)Community policing
D)Professional policing

Question 35

Decentralized police operations, direct engagement with the community, empowering line officers, and community partnerships are associated with:

A)traditional policing
B)problem orientated policing
C)community policing
D)professional policing

Question 36

Most juvenile codes provide broad authority for the police to take juveniles into custody, which implies a protective rather than punitive form of custody.

Question 37

According to the text, which of the following is a source of police discretion?

A)environmental factors
B)department policy
C)situational factors
D)all of the above

Question 38

Juveniles typically account for about forty percent of all violent crime arrests.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender police treatment?

A)female teens are more likely than male teens to be arrested for status offenses
B)males who have committed minor or status offenses seem to be referred to juvenile court more often than females
C)males who engage in "typical male" delinquent activities are much less likely to develop police records than females
D)adolescent male status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than females

Question 40

Police _________ is selective enforcement of law by authorized police agents, giving officers a choice among possible courses of action within limits on their power.

A)bias
B)discretion
C)demeanor
D)policy

Question 41

A police ________________ is a person who has access to criminal networks and shares information with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment under conditions of anonymity.

Question 42

Meda Chesney-Lind found that adolescent female status offenders are arrested for less serious offenses than boys.

Question 43

The main difference between arrests of adult and juvenile offenders is the broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior.

Question 44

In _________________ cases, the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody.

Question 45

Most courts have held that the _______________ Amendment ban against unreasonable search and seizure applies to juveniles.

Question 46

Under problem-oriented policing, the main police role should be to increase feelings of community safety.

Question 47

A felony is a serious offense; a misdemeanor is a minor or petty crime; crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery are ___________________.

Question 48

The validity of juvenile waiver of rights depends on the age of the youth, education, their knowledge of the charges, the method of interrogation, and whether the youth was allowed to consult their family.

Question 49

According to the text, the use of community policing officers has increased significantly in the last few years.

Question 50

Community policing and problem-oriented policing are alike in that both are viewed as proactive delinquency prevention strategies.

Question 51

In __________________ cases, the police officer must personally observe the crime to place a suspect in custody or have probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the offense.

Question 52

Decentralized police operations, direct engagement with the community, empowering line officers, and community partnerships are associated with _________________ policing.

Question 53

The English practice of having nighttime patrols to protect the village from disturbances and breaches of the peace was called the ________________ system.

Question 54

In a classic 1963 study, Nathan Goldman examined the arrest records of more than a thousand juveniles from four communities in Pennsylvania and concluded that the majority of the police contacts with juveniles were handled informally.

Question 55

In the case People v. Lara, the court ruled that a juvenile may waive their Miranda rights, but the test of the validity of the waiver is the totality of the circumstances.

Question 56

Research indicates that a police officer is much more likely to take formal action if the crime is serious, if it has been reported by a respectable member of the community, and if the offender is well known to them.

Question 57

__________________________ refers to law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone.

Question 58

_____________________ refers to questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the juvenile justice process.

Question 59

Facts, circumstances, and evidence which would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime was committed and a particular person did it is called __________________.

Question 60

Over sixty percent of juvenile arrests are referred to a community-service agency.

Question 61

Most studies conclude that nine variables are important in the police discretionary process. Identify and discuss these nine variables.

Question 62

In the case __________________, the totality of the circumstances doctrine was created to test the validity of a rights waiver.

Question 63

S.A.R.A. stands for _____________, Analysis, Response, and Assessment.

Question 64

Compare and contrast community policing and problem-oriented policing.

Question 65

Problem-oriented policing is characterized by its adherence to a four-step model often referred to as S.A.R.A. Identify and discuss this four-step model.

Question 66

In ____________________________, the Supreme Court was asked to rule on adequacy of a Miranda warning given to a young murder suspect.

Question 67

The ________________________ holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them.

Question 68

Police departments in Chicago and Los Angeles have at one time used ______________, targeting gang areas and arresting members for any law violations.

Question 69

In problem oriented policing, the four-step model, often referred to as S.A.R.A, includes: scanning, analysis, response, and ____________________.

Question 70

Identify and discuss the factors believed to shape police discretion presented in the text.

Question 71

_________________ is defined as the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system, such as deciding whether to make an arrest.

Question 72

The general rule observed by the courts is that juveniles can waive their rights to protection against self incrimination, but that the validity of this waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case; this is called the __________________________.

Question 73

Identify and discuss the three police methods of investigation and control presented in the text.

Question 74

____________________ refers to an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police.

Question 75

Implemented in Boston, __________________ was one of the most successful examples of problem-oriented policing focused on reducing juvenile crime and violence.