Deck 14: Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

Question 1

____________________ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system.

A)Probation
B)Electronic monitoring
C)Shelter care
D)Individual counseling

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which state was the first to close most of its secure juvenile facilities after decades of reported abuses, opting instead for a community based model for juvenile justice?

A)Arizona
B)New York
C)Massachusetts
D)California

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the effectiveness of Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision?

A)the failure rates are very low
B)the failure rates are higher than with traditional probation
C)it costs more than secure incarceration
D)none of the above are true

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true about institutionalized youth?

A)females make up the great bulk of institutionalized
B)males are more likely than females to be incarcerated for status offenses
C)females tend to be incarcerated for longer terms than males
D)institutions for males are generally more restrictive than those for females

Question 5

Which of the following juveniles is the most likely recipient of Juvenile Intensive Probation Supervision?

A)status offenders
B)first time property offenders
C)juveniles who would normally be sent to secure facilities
D)juveniles who would normally be waived to the adult system

Question 6

A juvenile can reimburse the victim of a crime or donate money to a charity or public cause; this is called:

A)community service
B)a fine
C)monetary restitution
D)monetary probation

Question 7

Balanced probation systems:

A)integrate community protection, juvenile accountability, and individualized attention
B)integrate retribution and deterrence
C)integrate rehabilitation and victim-offender reconciliation
D)integrate formal surveillance and informal surveillance of teachers, parents, and neighbors

Question 8

In ___________________, the offender is required to stay home during specific periods of time; monitoring is done by random phone calls and visits or by electronic devices.

A)milieu therapy
B)boot camps
C)wilderness probation
D)house arrest

Question 9

A policy known as __________________ mandates that a youth should not be put in a secure institution if a community based program is available.

A)coddling tendency
B)ratcheting effect
C)funneling process
D)least restrictive alternative

Question 10

Which of the following statements about balanced probation is true?

A)balanced probation is based on the principle that juvenile offenders must accept responsibility for their behaviour
B)balanced probation systems integrate community protection and individualized attention to the offender
C)balanced probation programs are based on the view that juveniles are responsible for their actions and have an obligation to society
D)all of the above are true

Question 11

Murray and Cox report there is a ___________________, a reduction in the number of arrests per year, following release from a secure treatment facility.

A)sensitizing effect
B)suppression effect
C)brutalization effect
D)resiliency effect

Question 12

In 2005, formal probation accounted for about ______ of all juvenile dispositions.

A)half
B)one-third
C)two-thirds
D)a quarter

Question 13

_______________________ are rules mandating that a juvenile on probation behave in a particular way, and can include restitution, counseling, and educational and vocational programs.

A)Probation code of conduct
B)Conditions of probation
C)Intake plan
D)Personalized treatment plans

Question 14

In the second half of the 19th century, emphasis shifted from reform schools to the:

A)wilderness program
B)boot camp model
C)cottage system
D)electronic monitoring system

Question 15

The growing involvement of female youths in criminal behavior has drawn more attention to the female juvenile offender. This attention has revealed that:

A)girls are less likely than boys to be incarcerated for status offenses
B)institutions for girls do a better job of rehabilitation
C)institutions for girls are generally less restrictive than those for boys
D)institutions for girls have fewer educational and vocational programs

Question 16

Which of the following is one of the seven core values of restorative justice described in the text?

A)crime is an offense against human relationships
B)victims and the community are central to justice processes
C)the first priority of justice processes is to assist victims
D)all of the above

Question 17

_______________________ is a non-secure residence that provides counseling, education, job training, and family living. The institutional quality of the environment is minimized.

A)Group home
B)Foster home
C)Rehabilitative habitat
D)Transitional program

Question 18

_____________________ involve one or two juveniles who live with a family, usually a husband and wife, who serve as surrogate parents.

A)Group home programs
B)Foster home programs
C)Rehabilitative habitat programs
D)Transitional programs

Question 19

________________ combine elements of foster care and group home placements and are run by a single family rather than staff members.

A)rural programs
B)family group homes
C)boot camps
D)reform schools

Question 20

_____________________ is a contract between the court and the juvenile.

A)Aftercare
B)Parole
C)Probation
D)Diversion

Question 21

_____________________ type of counseling requires an extensive analysis of the individual's childhood experiences.

A)Reality therapy
B)Psychotherapy
C)Electric shock therapy
D)Behavior modification

Question 22

____________________ programs are counselling programs in which peer leaders encourage other youths to conform to conventional behavior.

A)Milieu therapy
B)Psychotherapy
C)Reality therapy
D)Positive peer culture

Question 23

Probation is the primary form of community treatment used by the juvenile justice system.

Question 24

In the juvenile court, probation is often ordered for an indefinite period.

Question 25

Group homes are non-secure residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living.

Question 26

Most research indicates that the failure rate is high and that younger offenders who commit petty crimes are the most likely to fail when placed in intensive supervision programs.

Question 27

_____________________ is based on the theory that all behavior is learned and that current behavior can be shaped through rewards and punishments.

A)Reality therapy
B)Psychotherapy
C)Electric shock therapy
D)Behavior modification

Question 28

Programs that combine get-tough elements with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training are generally referred to as:

A)milieu therapy
B)boot camps
C)wilderness probation
D)house arrest

Question 29

____________________ in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system.

A)Probation
B)Bail
C)Aftercare
D)Detention

Question 30

The primary goal of JIPS is incarceration.

Question 31

Today, all fifty states and the District of Columbia have statutory restitution programs.

Question 32

In __________________, a federal court argued that rehabilitation is the true purpose of the juvenile court and that, without that goal, due process guarantees are violated.

A)Pena v. New York State Division for Youth
B)Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck
C)Santana v. Callazo
D)In Re Murphy

Question 33

Programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juveniles to confront the difficulties of their lives while achieving positive personal satisfaction are generally referred to as:

A)milieu therapy
B)boot camps
C)wilderness probation
D)house arrest

Question 34

In ________________________, all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged.

A)milieu therapy
B)boot camps
C)wilderness probation
D)house arrest

Question 35

Community treatment is based on the idea that the juvenile offender is a danger to the community and has to be supervised.

Question 36

Open institutions are correctional institutions that restrict the movement of juveniles but not their adult residents.

Question 37

Schneider and associates found that less than 30 percent of youths who received restitution as a condition of probation successfully completed their court order.

Question 38

Restorative justice is a punitive strategy for delinquency control that attempts to address the issues that produce conflict between two parties.

Question 39

The _________________________ model developed by David Altschuler and Troy Armstrong offers a continuum of intervention for serious juvenile offenders returning to the community following placement.

A)Intensive Aftercare Program
B)Balanced Probation
C)Restorative Justice
D)Community Reparation

Question 40

Which of the following items was not identified as one of the minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools in the Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck decision?

A)Bedding
B)Personal hygiene supplies
C)A change of undergarments and socks every day
D)a Playstation II, Xbox, or comparable game

Question 41

The federal government prohibits states from placing status offenders in separate facilities that are similar in form and function to those facilities used for delinquent offenders.

Question 42

According to the text, Vermont and Hawaii have the lowest juvenile custody rates.

Question 43

Hand restraints and tranquilizing drugs are still legally allowed in juvenile correctional facilities.

Question 44

_________________ is a non-secure residence that provides counseling, education, job training, and family living.

Question 45

Most juveniles are housed in private institutions that are administered by private corporations.

Question 46

In __________________, the offender is required to stay home during specific periods of time.

Question 47

Private facilities tend to house older youths, whereas public institutions provide custodial care for younger ones.

Question 48

There is a wide range of correctional treatments available for juveniles that can be subdivided into two major categories: community treatment and __________________ treatment.

Question 49

________________ programs involve one or two juveniles who live with a family usually a husband and wife who serve as surrogate parents.

Question 50

Minority youths accused of delinquent acts are less likely than European American youths to be diverted from the court system into informal sanctions.

Question 51

Highly structured counseling in which a therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts and make a more positive adjustment to society is known as _______________.

Question 52

Most states have extended the same legal rights enjoyed by adults at parole revocation hearings to juveniles who are in danger of losing their aftercare privileges.

Question 53

A juvenile can reimburse the victim of a crime or donate money to a charity or public cause; this is called __________________________.

Question 54

Milieu therapy, developed by William Glasser during the 1970s, emphasizes current, rather than past, behavior by stressing that offenders are completely responsible for their own actions.

Question 55

Although there are more coed institutions for juveniles than in the past, most girls remain incarcerated in single-sex institutions.

Question 56

A ________________________, a reduction in the number of arrests per year following release from a secure facility, which is not achieved when juveniles are placed in less punitive programs.

Question 57

__________________ probation systems integrate community protection, the accountability of the juvenile offender, and individualized attention to the juvenile.

Question 58

The typical resident of a juvenile facility is a seventeen years old, European American male.

Question 59

__________________ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system.

Question 60

Probation officers are involved at four stages of the court process, beginning at __________________.

Question 61

Identify and discuss gender and racial/ethnic differences among institutionalized youth.

Question 62

___________________ in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system.

Question 63

Through group interactions a delinquent can acknowledge and solve personal problems with support from other group members. This best illustrates ________________.

Question 64

________________ refers to the process and experience of returning to society upon release from a custody facility post-adjudication.

Question 65

______________ involves counseling several individuals together in a group session.

Question 66

Identify and discuss the four group treatment techniques presented in the text.

Question 67

Identify and discuss the seven core values characteristic of restorative justice.

Question 68

Programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juveniles to confront the difficulties of their lives while achieving positive personal satisfaction are generally referred to as ______________________.

Question 69

The __________________________ model offers a continuum of intervention for serious juvenile offenders returning to the community following placement.

Question 70

In ____________________, all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged.

Question 71

The Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) model begins by drawing attention to five basic principles, which collectively establish a set of fundamental operation goals. List and discuss these five basic principles.

Question 72

____________________ is a technique for shaping desired behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.

Question 73

Counseling program in which peer leaders encourage other group members to modify their behavior and peers help reinforce acceptable behaviors is known as ____________________.

Question 74

____________________ is a form of counseling that emphasizes current behavior and requires the individual to accept responsibility for all of his or her actions.

Question 75

Compare and contrast residential programs, group homes, foster care programs, family group homes, and rural programs.