Deck 1: Childhood and Delinquency

Question 1

The ________________ Act of the early 19ᵗʰ Century limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could begin to work.

A)Factory
B)Child Labor
C)School
D)Mill workers Protection

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Adults 25 years of age and older with less than a high school diploma earn ______ percent less than those who have earned a high school diploma.

A)5
B)10
C)30
D)20

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children is:

A)paternalistic
B)maternalistic
C)egalitarian
D)matriarchal

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the operating philosophy of the juvenile court under parens patriae?

A)best interests of the child
B)best interests of the government
C)best interests of the community
D)deterrence, retribution, and rehabilitation

Question 5

According to the text, youths who have been arrested four or more times and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts are known as the:

A)"chronic juvenile offenders"
B)"terminally criminal"
C)"deviant minority"
D)"recidivists 10 percent"

Question 6

According to the findings of the most recent Youth Risk Behavior Survey, about _____ percent of high school students had smoked cigarettes at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.

A)5
B)20
C)40
D)60

Question 7

During the Middle Ages in Great Britain, the chancery courts:

A)had complete jurisdiction over children involved in criminal activities
B)were primarily responsible to act in the best interests of the parents
C)had no jurisdiction over children whose parents were royalty
D)did not have jurisdiction over children charged with criminal conduct

Question 8

Which of the following statements about children in the Middle Ages is false?

A)Children of all classes were subjected to stringent rules and regulations.
B)Girls were educated at home and married in their early teens.
C)Children were expected to undertake responsibilities early in their lives.
D)The parent-child relationship was particularly close and loving.

Question 9

Today there are now __________________ children in the United States.

A)40 million
B)60 million
C)80 million
D)100 million

Question 10

In the 1827 case _____________, a duke's children were taken away from him in the name and interest of parens patriae because of his scandalous behavior.

A)Edinboro v. Courtright
B)London v. Smith
C)Wellesley v. Wellesley
D)Kramer v. Kramer

Question 11

A hundred and fifty years ago girls matured sexually at age 16. Today they do so at _____ years of age.

A)11
B)12.5
C)13
D)15

Question 12

In a famous 1827 case, a duke's children were taken away from him in the name and interest of parens patriae, because:

A)he was widowed
B)he was not able to control the children
C)his scandalous behavior
D)his inability to support his family

Question 13

According to Erik Erikson, role diffusion occurs when youths:

A)develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for
B)experience personal growth through extensive parental intervention
C)place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.
D)realize that they have developed a spoiled identity

Question 14

Voltaire's, Rousseau's, and Locke's vision produced a period known as the _____________________, which stressed a humanistic view of life, freedom, family, reason, and law.

A)Dark Ages
B)Enlightenment
C)Renaissance
D)Classical period

Question 15

__________________ is formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.

A)Alter ego
B)Ego identity
C)Role diffusion
D)Ego transformation

Question 16

Under the _______________ movement, children were placed in the care of adults who trained them in specific skills.

A)binding over
B)apprenticeship
C)chancery court
D)primogeniture

Question 17

Which of the following statements about children in the U.S. is false?

A)Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school
B)Proportionately Hispanic and Black children are about three times as likely to be poor than their white peers
C)The younger the child, the more likely they are to live in extreme poverty
D)In at least half the states in the U.S., more than 40 percent of black children are poor

Question 18

Which of the following statements about U.S. youths is true?

A)About 40 percent of the population under age seventeen is estimated to be in the at-risk category
B)Children of color are significantly underrepresented in foster care
C)Family dissolution and disruption plague American youth.
D) Teenage birthrates have increased substantially during the past decade.

Question 19

These allowed for the appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent, where they were trained in agricultural, trade, or domestic services.

A)Poor Laws
B)Primogeniture
C)Parens patriae legislation
D)Chins Doctrine

Question 20

According to the text, about one third of U.S. households with children experience one of three housing problems. Which of the following is not one of these three problems?

A)physically inadequate housing
B)crowded housing
C)housing that cost more than 30 percent of the household income
D)housing without nearby recreational facilities

Question 21

The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1601 created a system of church wardens and overseers who, with the consent of justices of the peace, identified vagrant, delinquent, and neglected children and put them to work.

Question 22

Nineteenth-century reformers, known as ________________, developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with their welfare.

A)The League of Progressive Voters
B)child savers
C)The United Youth Council
D)Up With People

Question 23

The philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior is:

A)"parental inefficacy"
B)"best interest of the child"
C)"in loco parentis"
D)none of the above

Question 24

Under the JJDPA and its subsequent reauthorizations, what were states required to do in order to receive federal funds?

A)remove status offenders from secure detention and lockups
B)waive a determined amount of juveniles to the adult system
C)provide written guidelines for juvenile court judge
D)detain status offenders in secure facilities

Question 25

The Factory Act of the early nineteenth century limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could begin to work.

Question 26

What is the criteria on which juvenile sentencing is ideally based?

A)community desires
B)victim preference
C)need for treatment
D)need for punishment

Question 27

Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution is known as:

A)waiver
B)parens patriae
C)primogeniture
D)lex talionis

Question 28

"__________________" minors is the original early designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status.

A)Reckless
B)Offending
C)Deviant
D)Wayward

Question 29

Which of the following statements about parental liability laws is false?

A)Some states require parents to reimburse the government for the costs of detention or care of their children.
B)Some states require parents to make restitution payments to victims.
C)All states have yet to place limits on the amount of recovery victims can receive.
D)Some states require parents and children to participate in counseling and community service activities.

Question 30

Parents may be held civilly responsible for the conduct of their minor children, under the concept of:

A)stare decisis
B)osmosis
C)bad apples
D)vicarious liability

Question 31

The concept of childhood as we know it today was firmly established in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Question 32

While teen smoking and drinking rates are currently low, their use of heroin and crack cocaine is higher than in the past.

Question 33

Running away and underage consumption of alcohol represent:

A)delinquent offenses
B)status offenses
C)stepping stones to delinquency
D)category one crimes

Question 34

Poor law legislation requiring poor and dependent children to serve apprenticeships was never passed in the United States.

Question 35

In the U.S., early colonists viewed family violence as a sin, which led to the first child protection laws in the late 1630s.

Question 36

The famous 1827 case in which a duke's children were taken away from him in the name and interest of parens patriae because of his scandalous behavior was Smith v. Jones.

Question 37

According to Erik Erikson, ego identity is formed during late adolescence when the ego learns to control the superego.

Question 38

Kids whose parents divorce increase their involvement in delinquency, especially if they have a close bond with the custodial parent.

Question 39

About 5.5 million youths are arrested each year.

Question 40

Which of the following statements best describes the child savers?

A)They relocated needy urban children to foster families in the Western U.S.
B)They lobbied to close the juvenile justice system because of its record of abuses.
C)They raised the standard of living for the urban poor by providing job training.
D)They lobbied for a separate legal status for children.

Question 41

As defined by the textbook, the term _________________ refers to youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts.

Question 42

The act that created the OJJDP was amended in 1987 to allow status offenders to be detained for violating valid court orders.

Question 43

State control over a child's noncriminal behavior supports the parens patriae philosophy, because it is assumed to be in the best interests of the child.

Question 44

Prior to the 20ᵗʰ Century, little distinction was made between adult and juvenile offenders.

Question 45

According to the text, status offenders are never detained or incarcerated with delinquents.

Question 46

Chancery courts were founded on the proposition that children were under the protective control of the king, or _________________, which is the Latin phrase which refers to the role of the king as father of his country.

Question 47

Under the _________________ Movement, children were placed in the care of adults who trained them in specific skills.

Question 48

______________________ occurs when youths experience uncertainty and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot mold for themselves.

Question 49

Unlike adult defendants, children do not have the right to consult an attorney or be free from self-incrimination.

Question 50

According to Erik Erikson, ______________ is formed when persons develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.

Question 51

The _______________ Act of the early 20ᵗʰ Century limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could begin to work.

Question 52

Most states define minor child as an individual who falls under a statutory age limit, most commonly thirteen years of age.

Question 53

"________________ youths" are young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality.

Question 54

Since 1990, there have been no cases in which parents have been ordered to serve time in jail because their children have been truant from school.

Question 55

Under early British jurisprudence, children under the age of seven were legally incapable of committing crimes.

Question 56

Research studies have consistently found that strict enforcement of curfew laws actually increase juvenile crime rates during curfew hours.

Question 57

The _______________ family could be exemplified by that of the Middle Ages, when the father exercised complete control over his wife and children.

Question 58

_________________ is defined as criminal behavior engaged in by a minor.

Question 59

The ________________ Poor Laws of 1601 created a system of church wardens and overseers who identified delinquent children.

Question 60

According to the text, criminal laws control interpersonal or private activities and these legal actions are usually initiated by individual citizens.

Question 61

Parents may be held civilly liable, under the concept of _______________, for the damages caused by their child.

Question 62

While adults are tried in court, children are ________________.

Question 63

The criteria on which juvenile sentencing is based is "____________________."

Question 64

A _____________ refers to conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age.

Question 65

According to the text, the most pressing problems facing American youth revolve around six issues. Briefly list and discuss these six issues.

Question 66

List and discuss the events that lead to the recognition of children's rights as presented in the text.

Question 67

_____________________ laws prohibit activities that are injurious to the well being of society, such as rape and theft.

Question 68

Describe and discuss what childhood was like in the American colonies.

Question 69

A group known as the ______________ created community programs to service needy children and lobbied for a separate legal status for children which ultimately lead to the creation of the juvenile justice system.

Question 70

The philosophical viewpoint "best interests of the ______________" encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior.

Question 71

In 1974, the U.S. Congress passed the _____________________________ that provides the major source of federal funding to improve states' juvenile justice systems.

Question 72

What are status offenses? How does the juvenile justice system rationalize its involvement with this type of offense?

Question 73

Title III of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, referred to as the ___________________________ Act of 1974, provides funds for non-secure facilities where status offenders who need protection can receive safe shelter, counseling, and education until an effective family reunion can be realized.

Question 74

Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution is called _____________.

Question 75

Describe who the "child savers" were and the impact the group had on the creation of the concept of delinquency in the United States.