Deck 2: The Nature and Extent of Delinquency

Question 1

About ______________ juvenile arrests were made in 2008 for Part II offenses.

A)125,000
B)450,000
C)1.2 million
D)3.4 million

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is false?

A)the survey provides information about victims, offenders and crimes
B)the NCVS collects information on crimes suffered by individuals and households
C)the problem of underreporting of crime is eliminated when we use the NCVS
D)none of the above statements are false

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the text, which of the following statements is true?

A)Surveys suggest that the availability of firearms does not influence the delinquency rate.
B)Surveys suggest that boys who are members of gangs are far less likely to possess guns than non-gang members.
C)Surveys indicate that there are over 3 million gang members in the United States.
D)none of the above statements are true

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The aging-out process of criminal behavior is also referred to as:

A)persistent criminality
B)spontaneous remission
C)desistance remission
D)criminal desistance

Question 5

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of official crime data?

A)It fails to control socio-economic factors that contribute to criminality.
B)It under-represents the effect of violent delinquent crime.
C)It is biased by police behavior and arrest practices.
D)It negates the impact of chronic delinquent crime.

Question 6

________________ are questionnaire or survey techniques that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts.

A)Victim surveys
B)Official records
C)Self reports
D)Uniform Crime Reports

Question 7

Males commit _____ property offenses for every one committed by females.

A)two
B)four
C)six
D)ten

Question 8

When at least one person is arrested, charged, or turned over to the court for prosecution, a crime has been:

A)"solved"
B)"recorded"
C)"indexed"
D)"cleared"

Question 9

For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody?

A)robbery
B)forcible rape
C)truancy
D)running away

Question 10

In 2008, juveniles were responsible for about ___ percent of the property crime arrests.

A)9
B)18
C)26
D)34

Question 11

The UCR uses three methods to express crime data. Which of the following is not one of these three methods?

A)The actual number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made.
B)The actual number of crimes for which the suspects were convicted.
C)The FBI computes crime rates per 100,000 people.
D)The FBI computes changes in the number and rate of crime over time.

Question 12

What does a UCR-reported murder rate of 5.4 mean?

A)About six people were murdered.
B)About six people in every 100,000 were murdered.
C)About six people a day were murdered.
D)About six people were arrested for murder per 10,000 arrests.

Question 13

Which of the following is a Part I offense?

A)arson
B)weapons possession
C)possession of cocaine
D)gang membership

Question 14

In terms of race and delinquency, the official statistics show that:

A)European American juveniles composed about 30 percent of all juveniles arrested in 2008.
B)There is virtually no racial discrimination in the juvenile justice system.
C)African American youths are less likely to be formally arrested by the police, who treat them as first-time offenders.
D)minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is disproportionate to their representation in the population.

Question 15

Which of the following is a Part II offense?

A)robbery
B)forcible rape
C)vandalism
D)aggravated assault

Question 16

Males commit _____ serious violent offenses for every 1 committed by females.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)10

Question 17

Economist Steven Levitt believes that ___________________ may help control delinquency.

A)stricter adoption policies
B)punitive policies
C)psychotherapy
D)religious involvement

Question 18

In 2008, juveniles were responsible for about ____ percent of all arrests for violent crimes.

A)16
B)26
C)33
D)47

Question 19

What factor compounds economic marginalization to explain high rates of African-American delinquency?

A)racially biased policing
B)population density
C)public health problems
D)weakening family structure

Question 20

Which of the following has been linked with high-rate persistent offending in variety of cultures, time periods and offender types?

A)race
B)age of onset
C)social class
D)home environment

Question 21

According to the text, the teen murder rate, declined around 20 percent during the past decade.

Question 22

Wolfgang reported that the ____________________ were responsible for 52 percent of all offenses.

A)adolescent-limiteds
B)chronic six percent
C)peripheral gang members
D)late bloomers

Question 23

In 2008, juveniles accounted for 1% of all arrests for part I offenses.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about age and delinquency is false?

A)With maturity comes the ability to resist the "quick fix" to one's problems.
B)Life experience helps former delinquents seek out nondestructive solutions to their personal problems.
C)As youths grow older, they take on new responsibilities that are inconsistent with criminality.
D)As juvenile delinquents mature, they become less aware of the risks that accompany crime.

Question 25

Liquor law violations and drug trafficking are examples of part II offenses.

Question 26

Most self-report studies indicate that the number of children who break the law is far smaller than official statistics would lead us to believe.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

A)kids who engage in the most serious forms of delinquency are more likely to be members of the lower class
B)chronic offenders commit a significant portion of all delinquent acts
C)those who demonstrate antisocial tendencies at a very early age are more likely to commit more crimes for a longer duration
D)all of the above a true

Question 28

Research shows that the more kids watch TV, the more often they get into violent encounters.

Question 29

According to the text, kids who engage in the most serious forms of delinquency are more likely to be members of the upper class.

Question 30

Chronic recidivists made up about _____ percent of both Philadelphia cohorts in research conducted by Wolfgang and his associates.

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)18

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the victimization of teens is true?

A)Most teens are victimized by strangers.
B)Most teens are victimized at night.
C)Most teens are victimized by their peers.
D)Most teens are victimized by their parents.

Question 32

Childhood risk factors for persistent delinquency include all of the following, except:

A)poor cognitive development
B)family violence
C)poor academic performance
D)interracial background

Question 33

In the Pennsylvania birth cohort follow-up, it was found that chronic offenders had a(n)_____ percent chance of becoming adult offenders.

A)30
B)40
C)100
D)80

Question 34

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey:

A)Females are more often the victims of delinquency than males.
B)Older people are more often targets than younger people.
C)Crime victimization tends to be interracial.
D)The chance of victimization declines with age.

Question 35

About 70 percent of all arrests in 2008 involved white Americans.

Question 36

According to the text, which of the following is not a childhood risk factor for persistent delinquency?

A)parental psychopathology
B)low intelligence
C)small family size
D)neighborhood disadvantage

Question 37

Manslaughter and forcible rape are examples of part II offenses.

Question 38

Early and repeated delinquency is the best predictor of:

A)adult criminality
B)problem behavior syndrome
C)desistence
D)crime pathways

Question 39

Because many victims do not report their experiences to the police, the UCR has been adjusted to address the issue of nonreporting of crime.

Question 40

According to the text, girls are more likely than boys to be arrested as runaways.

Question 41

Because the UCR arrest statistics are _______________ by suspect's age, they can be used to estimate adolescent delinquency.

Question 42

___________________ theory suggests that as the size of the African American population increases, the amount of social control imposed against African American by police grows proportionately.

Question 43

Crime victimization tends to be interracial.

Question 44

Delinquency rates decline with age.

Question 45

Self-report studies are a valuable source of information on the activities of youths who have had contact with the juvenile justice system as well as on the __________________ of crime - that is, those who have escaped official notice.

Question 46

The NCVS is a household survey of offenders that measures the nature of the crime and the characteristics of the offenders.

Question 47

Police routinely search, question, and detain all African American males in an area if a violent criminal has been described as "looking or sounding Black." This phenomenon is called _____________________.

Question 48

Official arrest statistics indicate that European American youths are arrested for a disproportionate share of arson and alcohol-related violations.

Question 49

Researchers at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research conducted an annual national self-report survey, called _____________________, that involved a sample of about three thousand youths.

Question 50

Wolfgang's cohort findings, the chronic six percent, could not be replicated in subsequent research.

Question 51

Compiled by the FBI, the __________________ is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics reporting crimes known to the police and the number of persons arrested.

Question 52

Part I property-related crimes includes burglary, ____________, arson, and motor vehicle theft.

Question 53

Part I offenses include homicide and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, ________________, and aggravated assault.

Question 54

Delinquents are disproportionately male, although female delinquency rates are rising faster than those for males.

Question 55

In Wolfgang's Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, six percent of the total sample was responsible for fifty-two percent of all offenses.

Question 56

Teens are less likely than their grandparents to become the victims of crimes.

Question 57

A crime is said to have been "_______________" by exceptional means, when some element beyond police control precludes the physical arrest of an offender.

Question 58

Researchers have found that the severity of offending rather than frequency of criminal behavior had the greatest impact on later adult criminality.

Question 59

___________________ studies are designed to obtain information from youthful subjects about their violations of the law.

Question 60

Less than half of all violent crime victimizations are reported to the police.

Question 61

Identify and briefly discuss the factors that characterize teen victimization.

Question 62

The aging-out process is sometimes called desistance from crime or ______________________.

Question 63

Describe the three methods used by the UCR to express crime data.

Question 64

Identify and define the two categories of offenses compiled by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Report. Provide examples of each.

Question 65

_____________________ refers to the age at which youths being their delinquent careers.

Question 66

Briefly discuss how the following correlates impact delinquency: gender, race, social class and age. Provide examples whenever possible.

Question 67

The idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults is referred to as the _______________________.

Question 68

In Wolfgang's birth cohort study, the _____________________ was responsible for 52 percent of all offenses.

Question 69

The term ____________________ refers to the number of people who are victims of criminal acts.

Question 70

Those who demonstrate antisocial tendencies at a very early age are more likely to commit more crimes for a longer period of time. This is referred to as the __________________________________.

Question 71

NCVS data indicate that people in almost all age groups who were victimized by groups of offenders identified their attackers as _________________.

Question 72

"_______________________ kidnappings" are defined as abductions perpetrated by a stranger or slight acquaintance and involving a child who was transported 50 or more miles, detained overnight, held for ransom or with the intent to keep the child permanently, or killed.

Question 73

List and discuss the various factors that shape teen crime trends discussed in the text.

Question 74

_____________________ refers to chronic offenders who have been arrested five times or more before age eighteen.

Question 75

The __________________ refers to the age at which youths begin their delinquent careers.