Deck 1: Childhood Delinquency

Question 1

From the _____ through the _____, American cities created curfew laws designed to limit the presence of children on city streets after dark.

A)1900s, 1960s
B)1850s, 1900s
C)1880s, 1920s
D)1920s, 1970s

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they become older is called the ____________.

A)Learning curve
B)Aging-out process
C)Maturation cycle
D)Period of intellectual growth

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Researchers have found that curfew laws along with aggressive curfew and truancy enforcement, appeared to reduce ________.

A)Violent gang crimes
B)Shoplifting
C)Truancy
D)Prostitution

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Family structure and the role of children began to change after the __________.

A)Civil War
B)Enlightenment
C)Middle Ages
D)First World War

Question 5

According to Erik Erikson, ____________ occurs when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.

A)Identify crisis
B)Conduct Disorder
C)Ego confusion
D)Role diffusion

Question 6

According to Nanette Davis, _________________ makes people self-centered and hurts collective and group identities.

A)Risk-taking behaviors
B)Lack of legitimate opportunity
C)The "cult of individualism
D)Emphasis on consumerism

Question 7

__________ is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15 - 24 in the United States.

A)Accidental death
B)Homicide
C)Suicide
D)Substance abuse

Question 8

Teenage birthrates have declined substantially during the past decade with the sharpest declines among _____ girls.

A)White
B)Middle class
C)African-American
D)Hispanic

Question 9

More than _____ million youths are arrested each year for crimes ranging in seriousness from loitering to murder.

A)2.2
B)3.2
C)2.7
D)1.5

Question 10

Nineteenth-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced
Legislation creating the juvenile justice system were referred to as the _________.

A)Moral reformers
B)Do-gooders
C)Child savers
D)Teachers

Question 11

____________ suggests that the potential for risky behavior among youth exists in all facets of American life.

A)Erik Erickson
B)Heather Taussing
C)Children's Rights Council
D)Nanette Davis

Question 12

Governmental response to the care of needy children can be traced back to the _____________.

A)Chancery Courts
B)Poor laws
C)Welfare houses
D)Juvenile laws

Question 13

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises
Complete control over his wife and children is called ________.

A)Parens patriae
B)Paternalistic
C)Matriarchal
D)Democratic

Question 14

________ was the first state to enact laws aimed at disciplining parents for contributing to the delinquency of a minor.

A)Florida
B)Utah
C)Colorado
D)New York

Question 15

During the 17ᵗʰ and 18ᵗʰ centuries, ____________ was the main method of discipline used by teachers.

A)Suspension
B)Harsh looks
C)Flogging
D)Standing a child in the corner

Question 16

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality are referred to as _________.

A)Juvenile delinquents
B)Working poor
C)At-risk youth
D)Latch-key youth

Question 17

The Latin phrase parens patriae was used to refer to the __________.

A)Role of the father as head of the household
B)Role of parents as absolute rulers over the child
C)Role of the king as the father of his country
D)Role court in determining who is the father of the child

Question 18

The Chancery Courts dealt with _____________.

A)Highborn minors who were orphans
B)Juvenile criminal violations of the law
C)Adult criminal violations of the law
D)Offenses against religious laws

Question 19

Toward the close of the eighteenth century, the work of such philosophers as Voltaire,
Rousseau, and Locke launched a new age, the _______________, for childhood and the family.

A)Democratic era
B)Modern age
C)Intellectual period
D)Enlightenment

Question 20

According to ___________, ego identity is formed when a person develops a firm sense of self.

A)Erik Erickson
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Robert Merton

Question 21

Western culture did not have a sense of ________ as a distinct period of life until the late 19ᵗʰ to early 20ᵗʰ centuries.

Question 22

As early as 1535, the English passed statutes allowing for the appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent.These laws were known as ________________.

Question 23

Under the 1646 Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law a child could be ___________.

A)Put to death
B)Required to enter the military
C)Required to enter the priesthood
D)Placed with another family

Question 24

By the beginning of the 19ᵗʰ century the apprenticeship system gave way to the _______ system.

A)Penal
B)Factory
C)Agrarian
D)Independent

Question 25

The textbook gives several reasons why few child abuse cases were ever prosecuted in the early American colonies.Which of the following is not one of those reasons?
A The acceptable limits of discipline were so high few parents were charged with assault.
B)Harsh discipline was accepted in extremely religious households
C)Large families provided siblings and kinfolk who could help care for children
D)The law required at least two witnesses of the abuse for conviction

Question 26

The ____________system mandated that a woman's family bestow money, land, or other wealth on a potential husband or his family in exchange for his marriage to her.

Question 27

Youths involved in multiple serious criminal acts, referred to as _____________________, are now recognized as serious social problems.

Question 28

__________ is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others.

Question 29

Mechanisms to care for the neediest children, including children left orphaned and destitute, came into existence approximately _____ years ago.

A)200
B)350
C)100
D)150

Question 30

A waiver is defined as _____.

A)The transferring of legal jurisdiction of juveniles from the juvenile to the adult court
B)The dismissal of all charges that have been brought against a juvenile
C)A judgment made by the juvenile court to imprison a delinquent
D)The juvenile court equivalent of a guilty plea

Question 31

Legally, delinquents and status offenders are considered __________________.

Question 32

On any given day, an estimated ________ youth under the age of 18 are inmates in adult jails; of these, _____ are being held "as adults".

A)7,000, 90%
B)9,000, 88%
C)12,000, 90%
D)13,500, 80%

Question 33

Early English jurisprudence held that children under the age of_____ were legally incapable of committing crimes.

A) 6
B)10
C) 7
D)16

Question 34

Most states define "minor child" as an individual who falls under a statutory age limit, most commonly ___ or ___ years of age.

A)13 or 14
B)15 or 16
C)16 or 17
D)17 or 18

Question 35

A philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to children is called the _____________.

A)Best interest of the child
B)Moral reformation
C)Period of Enlightenment
D)Proper parent philosophy

Question 36

Status offenses refer to _______________.

A)Crimes which affect a person's status in life
B)Illegal actions committed by juveniles that would not be considered illegal if perpetrated by an adult
C)Violation of probation
D)Crimes committed in order to earn membership in a gang

Question 37

The limited _______________ ability of very young offenders is taken into consideration when assessing their legal culpability.

Question 38

High school graduation is the single most effective preventive strategy against ___________.

Question 39

______________________________ is the federal agency created to identify the needs of youths and fund policy initiative in the juvenile system.

Question 40

Courts created in fifteen century England to oversee the lives of highborn minors who were orphaned or otherwise could not care for themselves were called _____________.

Question 41

Nanette Davis suggests the potential for risky behavior among youths of all facets in American life.How is risky defined? What are the social, economic, and political circumstances that increase adolescent risk taking? Which do you feel most impacts youths today? Explain.

Question 42

_____________ limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could begin working.

Question 43

Discuss the salient points of the Family Keys program, who does the program serve, has evaluations of the program shown it to be viable? What are your views on programs such as Family Keys? Explain your position.

Question 44

There are more than 20,000 gangs in the United Sates.

Question 45

What are parental responsibility laws, what is a criticism of these laws? Do you agree or disagree with such laws? Explain.

Question 46

Compare and contrast the childhoods of medieval children born into the lower classes and those born into the nobility.

Question 47

Under parens patriae delinquent acts are not considered criminal violations.

Question 48

Wayward minors are now referred to as status offenders.

Question 49

The daily stress of modern life has little significant impact on American youth as they progress through their teenage years.

Question 50

The concept of juvenile delinquency occupies a legal status falling between criminal and civil law.

Question 51

National commissions have called for reform of status offense laws.What is the position of the National Advisory Commission? Is the Commission's position the same as that of the American Bar Association (ABA)? Do you agree or disagree with these positions, why or why not?

Question 52

Children who live in high-rise, multiple-family dwellings which can have a negative influence on their long-term psychological health are considered to be living in ________________.

Question 53

The dower system had a significant impact on the role of women, and consequently children, in medieval society.

Question 54

Primogeniture required that the oldest surviving male child inherit family lands and titles.

Question 55

The courts have struck down most juvenile curfew laws as unconstitutional.

Question 56

In early America laws were passed that required children to obey their parents, these laws were known as _____________.

Question 57

Government action to care for needy children can be traced to the Chancery Courts of Britain.

Question 58

The early legal designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status, ___________, is now referred to as status offenders.

Question 59

The designation _____________ became popular at the onset of the 20ᵗʰ century when the first separate juvenile courts were instituted.

Question 60

More than 15 million children now live in poverty.

Question 61

Discuss the conflicting view of medieval childhood presented by Philippe Aires and Nicholas Orme.In what area do the researchers appear to be of the same opinion?

Question 62

What are some reasons offered in the text as to why the study of juvenile delinquency is important? What are your views? Explain.

Question 63

Discuss delinquency and parens patriae.What is meant by the philosophical viewpoint "best interests of the child"? Do you believe this concept is applicable today? Why or why not?

Question 64

Identify the problems, policies, and systems that feed the pipeline that takes kids from the cradle and leads them to prison according to the Children's Defense Fund.Which do you believe to be the most problematic? Explain.

Question 65

Discuss how the work of philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke impacted childhood and families.What influence did these changes have on children in the 19ᵗʰ century?