Deck 3: Individual Views of Delinquency

Question 1

The argument that the more severe, certain, and swift the punishment the greater effect it will have is one referred to as ___________.

A)Incapacitation
B)Rehabilitation
C)Deterrence
D)Retribution

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_____________ links delinquency to biological and psychological characteristics that control human development.

A)Gene theory
B)Choice theory
C)Trait theory
D)Evolution theory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties by punishing an
Individual so that others do not commit crime is called ____________.

A)Incapacitation
B)Retribution
C)General deterrence
D)Special deterrence

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An incapacitation strategy is expensive and in some jurisdictions cost in excess of _____ per juvenile per year.

A)$100,000.00
B)$75,000.00
C)$60,000.00
D)$50,000.00

Question 5

The view that crime is a "normal" function of modern living; offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians is ____________.

A)Social Disorganization Theory
B)Conflict Theory
C)Control Theory
D)Routine Activities Theory

Question 6

Putting unbreakable glass on storefronts is an example of ______________.

A)Target-hardening
B)Specific deterrence
C)Community policing
D)Conflict theory

Question 7

It is generally accepted that ______________ is considered the father of criminology.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Auguste Comte
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 8

The crime prevention method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward and increasing their risks is called ___________.

A)Bar raising
B)Situational crime prevention
C)Conflict theory
D)Community policing

Question 9

The view that all people are equal at birth and are thereafter influenced by their environment is called ___________.

A)Theocracy
B)The democratic ideal
C)Equipotentiality
D)Behavioral genetics

Question 10

Lombroso's idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically similar to our primitive ancestors is called________________.

A)Evolutionary theory
B)Criminal atavism
C)Eugenics
D)Morphism

Question 11

The __________ theory holds that low intelligence is generally determined and inherited.

A)Psychological
B)Nature
C)Realist
D)Nurture

Question 12

Violent crimes against people, and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder are called __________.

A)Direct criminal activity
B)Part I offenses
C)Victim precipitated crime
D)Predatory crime

Question 13

According to Scott Jacques, _________ is defined as non-violent revenge gained through resource confiscation without interaction between the retaliator and wrongdoer during the transfer.

A)Violent confiscation
B)Fraudulent retaliation
C)Stealth retailiation
D)Pure fight

Question 14

When looking at deterrence and delinquency, focusing police activity on _________ seems to work best.

A)Community problems
B)Community social climate
C)Particular problems
D)Community Watch programs

Question 15

____________ is a personality trait marked by anxiety, tension, and emotional instability.

A)Impulsiveness
B)Defiance
C)Neuroticism
D)Extroversion

Question 16

The view that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases is called
_______________.

A)Bioanthropology
B)Biosocial theory
C)Environmental theory
D)Darwinism

Question 17

Psychologists believe that children with attachment problems lack _________ and _________.

A)Self-reflection, morals
B)Trust, respect
C)Ethics, trust
D)Trust, self-reflection

Question 18

_______________ theory holds that youth will engage in criminal and delinquent behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their behavior.

A)Choice
B)Neurological
C)Trait
D)Evolutionary

Question 19

__________ holds that decisions to violate the law are weighed against possible punishments; to deter crime the pain of punishment must outweigh the benefit of legal gain.

A)Biological theory
B)Routine activities
C)Classical criminology
D)Specific deterrence

Question 20

The writings of _________ formed the core of what is referred to today as classical criminology.

A)Marcus Felson
B)Travis Hirschi
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 21

The view that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are able to make personal
behavior choices unencumbered by environmental factors is called ______________.

Question 22

Erik Erikson coined the phrase __________ to denote the inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles faced by youths.

A)Latent delinquency
B)Identity crisis
C)Mood disorder
D)Criminal atavism

Question 23

Lombroso's idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically similar to our primitive ancestors is called _____________________.

Question 24

Marketing research indicates that youth aged _____ rent violent horror movies at a higher rate than any other age group.

A)15 - 18
B)11 - 17
C)11 - 14
D) 9 - 11

Question 25

Teenage boys may have the highest crime rates because they are given __________ and ________________.

Question 26

_____________ assumes that the frustration experienced by a child with a learning disability leads to a negative self-image and acting out problems.

A)Susceptibility rationale
B)Special education rationale
C)School failure rationale
D)Zero tolerance rationale

Question 27

____________ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another.

A)Cognition
B)Psychological balance
C)Personality
D)Self-assertiveness

Question 28

Delinquency experts who believe that aggression is a function of the level of an individual's need(s) for stimulation are called ___________.

A)Biosocial theorists
B)Cognitive theorists
C)Arousal theorists
D)Freudian criminologists

Question 29

Adolescent aggressive behavior can be divided into two types: _________ and ___________.

Question 30

_________ theory holds that the more severely young offenders are punished the less likely they are to repeat their illegal acts.

A)Specific deterrence
B)Classical
C)General deterrence
D)Rational choice

Question 31

________ holds that delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational
choices.

Question 32

According to the text, ______________ are youths whose troubled family life leads them to seek immediate gratification without consideration of right and wrong or the feelings of others.

Question 33

The first attempts to discover why criminal tendencies develop focused on the ________ make-up of offenders.

Question 34

According to Sigmund Freud, the _______ develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the individual's need for immediate gratification.

A)Superego
B)Ego
C)Id
D)Personality

Question 35

Research has shown that __________twins are significantly closer in their personal characteristics.

A)Monozygotic
B)Dizygotic
C)Polyzygotic
D)Multizygotic

Question 36

The crime prevention method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward and increasing their risks is called _________________________.

Question 37

__________ is a condition in which the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances.
ANS; Mood disorder

Question 38

According to James Q.Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, there appears to be a clear and
Consistent link between criminality and ___________.

A)Age of onset
B)Low intelligence
C)Above average intelligence
D)Learning disabilities

Question 39

The view that behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through intimate
Contact with others, or indirectly through media is referred to as ___________________.

A)Psychodynamic theory
B)Antisocial personality theory
C)Cognitive behavioral theory
D)Social learning theory

Question 40

The crime prevention practice that makes it more difficult for a would-be delinquent to carry out the illegal act, for example, by installing a security device in a home, would be _____________________.

Question 41

Punishment may be a viable deterrent to future offending.

Question 42

According to Sigmund Freud, the superego is the unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component of the human personality with which each child is born.

Question 43

________ theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution.

Question 44

Antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at
its highest level during this period.

Question 45

A mother's dietary intake during pregnancy has a limited influence on a child's IQ.

Question 46

The ________ develops through interactions with parents and other significant
people and represents the conscience and the moral rules shared by most adults.

Question 47

Siegel and Welsh write that because a youth is punished in the present does not necessarily mean he or she fears future punishment.Name the reasons presented as to
why punishment encourages rather than reduces delinquency.Do you agree or
disagree with this idea? Explain.

Question 48

The threat of __________ seems to have the greatest influence on instrumental crimes which involve planning.

Question 49

According to ______________, male aggression may be more a matter of genetic transfer than socialization or cultural patterns.

Question 50

Richard Felson argues that violence can be used to achieve a number of specific goals.
List and describe these goals.Do you agree or disagree with Felson? Why or why not?

Question 51

Delinquency rates are unaffected by a surplus of youths of the same age category competing for a limited number of jobs and educational opportunities.

Question 52

Define routine activities theory.Cohen and Felson posit that the interaction of three
variables affect the volume and distribution of predatory crime.List the three variables
and provide an example of each.What is your view of this theory, explain.

Question 53

Discuss how shame, embarrassment and social disgrace appears to have an impact on
juveniles.Do you agree or disagree with this aspect of deterrence? Explain.

Question 54

Define choice and trait theories.List the shared features of these two theories.Do you
agree or disagree that people must change rather than society? Why or why not?

Question 55

The explanation that crime and delinquency was a matter of choice is a relatively new theory, originating in the late 1980s.

Question 56

Evidence linking food allergies to antisocial behaviors are inconclusive.

Question 57

Violence prone youth see the world around them as filled with aggressive people.

Question 58

The view that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases is referred to
as ___________.

Question 59

It has been argued that low IQ increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through its
effect on school performance.

Question 60

Positivists believe that the scientific method can be used to measure the causes of human behavior and that behavior is a function of often uncontrollable factors, such as mental illness.

Question 61

Explain intelligence and delinquency.What is your view on intelligence and delinquency? Do you believe there is a relationship? Why or why not?

Question 62

Discuss neurological dysfunction; include the definition for minimal brain dysfunction.

Question 63

Discuss situational crime prevention; include the six categories into which these programs are typically divided.What is your view on this prevention theory? Explain.

Question 64

Explain how the relationship between TV viewing and violence is uncertain.What are
your views on the effects of violent media on youth? Do you believe there is a relationship between media violence and youth violence? Explain.

Question 65

Discuss the view of trait theorists, how are their views different from traditional criminologists? Would agree or disagree with this theory? Explain.