Deck 4: Structure, Process, Culture, and Delinquency

Question 1

A concept through which youth are able to utilize their wits to avoid violent confrontation
And feel safe is known as _____.

A)Siege mentality
B)Conformity
C)Street efficacy
D)Retreatism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Shaw and McKay found that delinquency was tied to _____

A)Personal characteristics of the residents
B)Culture of the residents
C)Community organization
D)Neighborhood characteristics

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them?

A)Strain theory
B)Differential association theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Power-control theory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Who coined the term anomie?

A)Oscar Lewis
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Robert Merton
D)Travis Hirschi

Question 5

According to Merton, _____occurs when an individual accepts the goals of society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means.

A)Conformity
B)Rebellion
C)Retreatism
D)Innovation

Question 6

_____ theories hold that delinquency is a function of a person's economic status.

A)Social process
B)Social control
C)Social Structure
D)Cultural deviance

Question 7

According to social disorganization theory, delinquency rates are highest in the
_____.

A)Suburbs
B)Transitional neighborhoods
C)Italian sections of the city
D)Downtown area

Question 8

According to the text, at the heart of the code of the streets is the issue of _____.

A)Conformity
B)Gang fighting
C)Autonomy
D)Respect

Question 9

Strain theory suggests that _____.

A)The strains between teenagers and adults cause juveniles to commit delinquency
B)Crime is the result of people having a set of goals they cannot reach
C)Crime is biological in nature
D)Youth drift back and forth between delinquent and conventional behavior

Question 10

_____ theories view delinquency as the result of a person's interaction with critical
Elements of socialization.

A)Social process
B)Deterrence
C)Social Structure
D)Evolutionary

Question 11

The ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school, is called_____.

A)Social disorganization
B)Collective efficacy
C)Group cohesiveness
D)Innovation

Question 12

Sociologist Oscar Lewis coined the phrase _____ to describe the challenges faced by the urban poor.

A)Ghetto
B)Urban poor
C)Self-fulfilling prophecy
D)Culture of poverty

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the three branches of social structure theory?

A)Social disorganization theory
B)Cultural deviance theories
C)Strain theory
D)Social process theories

Question 14

Social disorganization concepts were first formulated by sociologists _____.

A)Cloward and Ohlin
B)Sutherland and Cressey
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Burgess and Akers

Question 15

_____ theories consider delinquent behavior to be a result of economic deprivation.

A)Social process
B)Critical
C)Social structure
D)Status

Question 16

_____ theory combines elements of both strain and social disorganization.

A)Differential association
B)Labeling
C)Cultural deviance
D)Deterrence

Question 17

According to William Julius Wilson, those people who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner-city areas are called the _____.

A)Truly disadvantaged
B)Forever poor
C)Upper crust
D)Hidden population

Question 18

Messner and Rosenfeld's macro-level version of _____ views antisocial behavior as a function of cultural and institutional influences in U.S.society.

A)Anomie theory
B)Status theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Differential Opportunity theory

Question 19

Another term for anomie is ____.

A)Aspiration
B)Inequality
C)Normlessness
D)Delinquency

Question 20

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay formulated the _____ theory in the early 20ᵗʰ century.

A)Social disorganization
B)Social Learning
C)Social ecology
D)Social control

Question 21

Robert Merton found that _____ results if there is a dissonance between goals and the
means to achieve the goals.

Question 22

Using one's wits to avoid violent confrontations and to feel safe is referred to in the textbook as _____.

Question 23

_____ theorists maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity.

A)Social learning
B)Social control
C)Social structure
D)Cultural deviance

Question 24

______ theory holds that delinquency is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they use to obtain them legally.

Question 25

Viewing stealing as borrowing or considering vandalism to be mischief that has gotten out of hand are examples of _____.

A)Social bonding
B)Neutralization techniques
C)Individual modes of adaptation
D)Focal concerns

Question 26

_____ suggests that adolescents learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from close
And intimate relationships with delinquent peers.

A)Social learning
B)Social control
C)Social structure
D)Cultural deviance
ANS : a

Question 27

The centerpiece of the Cloward and Ohlin theory is the concept of _____.

A)Collective efficacy
B)Cultural transmission
C)Differential opportunity
D)Status frustration

Question 28

According to social process theory, delinquency is a function of _____, the interactions
People have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society.

A)Deviance
B)Strain
C)Social structure
D)Socialization

Question 29

According to Miller, clinging to lower-class _______________ promotes illegal or violent
behavior.

Question 30

Agnew suggests that delinquency is the direct result of the anger, frustration, and
Adverse emotions that youth feel in the wake of negative and destructive social relations.Agnew refers to these feelings as _____.

A)Strain
B)Focal concerns
C)Peer pressure
D)Negative affective states

Question 31

Durkeim's ideas were applied to the onset of crime and delinquency in contemporary society by sociologist _____ in his theory of anomie.

A)Donald Sutherland
B)Albert Cohen
C)Robert Merton
D)Donald Cressy

Question 32

According to Cohen, _____ is a form of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society.

A)Status frustration
B)Low self-control
C)Collective efficacy
D)Differential association

Question 33

The idea that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace
Both conventional and deviant values is referred to as _____.

A)Hypocrisy
B)Drift
C)Differential association
D)Rebellion

Question 34

______may actually occur as a response to escalating deviance rates; neighbors may band together to fight a common problem.

Question 35

_____ theory focuses on the conditions within the urban environment such as joblessness and transience that affect delinquency rates.

Question 36

The view that lower-class people form a separate culture within their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with convention society, is referred to as the
_____________.

Question 37

Economic disparity will continually haunt members of the _____ and their children over
the course of their lifespan.

Question 38

_____ theory helps identify the micro-level or individual influence of strain.

Question 39

Some community residents become so suspicious of authority that they develop a _____
In which the outside world is the enemy out to destroy the neighborhood.

A)Siege mentality
B)Fear perspective
C)Interiority complex
D)Neutralized frustration

Question 40

_____ theories consider delinquent behavior to be a result of economic deprivation.

Question 41

Social disorganization theory links delinquency to middle class measuring rods.

Question 42

Merton argues that retreatists reject both the goals and the means of society.

Question 43

Discuss the "culture of poverty" and "underclass".Explain how these concepts place children and adults "at-risk".

Question 44

Street efficacy refers to the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school.

Question 45

According to _____ theorists, how you live is more important than where you live.

Question 46

Differential association theory asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily within ________________.

Question 47

Social disorganization theory suggests that most people share similar values and goals, such as a good education, a nice home, a great car, and stylish clothes.

Question 48

In _____, Walter Reckless argued that a strong self-image protects a youth from criminogenic influences.

Question 49

Differential association theory maintains that juveniles learn delinquent behavior from mass media such as television.

Question 50

Standards by which teachers and other representatives of state authority evaluate students' behavior are referred to as middle-class measuring rods by Albert Cohen.

Question 51

Explain Merton's four modes of adaptation.Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Explain why or why not.

Question 52

Agnew suggests that delinquency is the result of negative affective states.Discuss the multiple sources of stress indicated by Agnew.Include examples of these sources.

Question 53

Explain the critical social factors believed to cause or affect delinquent behaviors.Which do you find to be most significant? Explain your rationale.

Question 54

According to social process theories, delinquency is a function of socialization.

Question 55

The theory of the culture of poverty is the view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society.

Question 56

Sykes and Matza suggest that juveniles develop a distinct set of justifications for their deviant behavior referred to as _________.

Question 57

.General strain theory helps identify the micro-level or individual influences of strain.

Question 58

Explain how social disorganization theory ties delinquency rates to socioeconomic conditions.Would you agree or disagree with this concept? Explain.

Question 59

Elijah Anderson identified focal concerns that comprise the unique value system that defines lower-class culture.

Question 60

According to Cohen, standards by which teachers and other representatives of state
authority evaluate students' behavior are called _______________.

Question 61

Discuss Hirschi's elements of the social bond.Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Why or why not?

Question 62

Explain the four elements of socialization that have been linked to delinquency.If you were to rank order the elements, how would that look? Explain why you chose this order.

Question 63

Explain the principles of differential association.Which of the elements is most important? Why do you think this is the case?

Question 64

Discuss the two cultural forces addressed in the "Code of the Streets".What is at the heart of the code? Would you agree with this theory or disagree? Explain.