Deck 7: Leadermember Exchange Theory

Question 1

The dyadic relationships in LMX occur between ______.

A) the leader and other leaders
B) the leader and the in-group followers
C) the leader and each follower
D) the followers and each other follower

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following leadership theories emphasizes the specific relationship between the leader and each subordinate?

A) transformational leadership theory
B) path-goal leadership theory
C) situational leadership theory
D) leader-member exchange theory

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In LMX,leaders treat followers ______.

A) equally
B) in a collective way
C) independently
D) according to group average

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One of your followers asks to lead the next team brainstorming session and you let him/her do this.You and this follower are ______.

A) in the stranger phase of leadership-making
B) in a dyadic in-group relationship
C) in a dyadic stranger phase
D) in the mature-partnership phase of leadership-making

Question 5

The early research on LMX theory was called ______.

A) group classification theory
B) vertical dyad linkage theory
C) didactic linkage theory
D) horizontal dyad linkage theory

Question 6

Which leadership theory centered on the interaction between leaders and followers?

A) trait
B) skills
C) LMX
D) style

Question 7

The vertical dyadic relationship in LMX is established by ______.

A) the leader
B) the follower
C) the leader and follower
D) the leader and the organizational structure

Question 8

What is it called in LMX when leaders form a relationship with each of their followers?

A) in-group
B) out-group
C) vertical dyad
D) X-Y axes integration

Question 9

The early studies in LMX reported that ______.

A) after the in-groups are formed, the vertical dyads are formed
B) after the out-groups are formed, the vertical dyads are formed
C) the vertical dyads form the basis for in-group and out-group formation
D) the vertical dyads are independent from in-group and out-group formation

Question 10

LMX focuses on ______.

A) matching leader behaviors to followers' development levels
B) the integration of task and relationship behaviors
C) matching the leader behavior to follower characteristics
D) the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower

Question 11

Before LMX theory,researchers treated leadership as something ______.

A) leaders did toward all of their followers
B) present within the individual actions of followers
C) existing between the leader and each of his or her followers
D) as an exclusively two-way, one-dimensional form of communication

Question 12

Which leadership approach is not leader centered?

A) trait
B) LMX
C) skills
D) behavioral

Question 13

How many vertical dyadic relationships can occur in LMX?

A) only one, the relationship between leader and all followers
B) only one, the relationship between the leader and the in-group
C) two, the relationship between the leader and the in-group and out-group
D) as many linkages as there are followers

Question 14

In the early stages of leader-member relationship development,leaders look for followers who exhibit all of the following except ______.

A) enthusiasm
B) agreeableness
C) participation
D) gregariousness

Question 15

All of the following are characteristics of out-group members except ______.

A) defined roles
B) non-negotiating behavior
C) innovative ideas
D) operation strictly within role

Question 16

There is a mutual personality conflict between you and one of your followers.If this continues,the follower will end up in the ______.

A) in-group
B) out-group
C) mature group
D) acquaintance group

Question 17

I am a leader of a team of eight employees.In LMX,what is the maximum number of groups this team could be categorized into based on vertical dyadic relationships?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 18

According to early LMX theory,which of the following is false?

A) the out-group has less influence with the leader than does the in-group
B) the leader usually expects extra duties from out-group members
C) in-group members are chosen on the basis of compatibility with the leader
D) out-group members may not want to be in-group members

Question 19

Which theory challenges the assumption that leaders treat followers in a collective way?

A) LMX
B) skills
C) trait
D) style

Question 20

A leader who invites a follower to take on more responsibility is ______.

A) attempting to help the follower into the in-group
B) attempting to determine whether the follower will fail at the task
C) attempting to help the follower into the out-group
D) attempting to make in-group members resentful of this follower

Question 21

Gerstner and Day's meta-analysis found ______.

A) the stranger phase is an invalid construct
B) high LMX is not correlated with job satisfaction
C) support for the psychometric properties of the LMX 7 questionnaire
D) LMX measures followers' exchanges, not leaders'

Question 22

During the mature partnership phase of leadership making,the roles are ______.

A) scripted
B) tested
C) negotiated
D) implied

Question 23

Which of the following is not a reason followers become part of the in-group?

A) how well they work with the leader
B) how well the leader works with them
C) the amount of interest they show toward negotiating with the leader
D) willingness to stay within job and task guidelines

Question 24

According to Atwater and Carmeli,a study of employees in a variety of jobs in Israeli organizations found ______

A) high-quality leader-member exchanges were directly correlated with creativity
B) high-quality leader-member exchanges were negatively correlated with employee feelings of energy
C) LMX was directly correlated with creativity
D) LMX correlated with employee feelings of energy, which then enhanced their creativity

Question 25

The later LMX studies focused on ______.

A) follower locus of control
B) positive outcomes for both the leader and followers
C) determining out-group characteristics
D) task characteristics of the job

Question 26

The later LMX studies shifted focus from describing in- and out-groups to ______.

A) how LMX relates to organizational effectiveness
B) how LMX assesses leader behaviors
C) how LMX and servant leadership are similar
D) how LMX relates to follower skill development

Question 27

During the mature partnership phase of leadership making,the exchanges are ______.

A) low quality
B) medium quality
C) moderately high quality
D) high quality

Question 28

During the stranger phase of leadership making,the roles are ______.

A) scripted
B) tested
C) negotiated
D) implied

Question 29

I go to work,get the job done and go home.I am most likely in the ______.

A) in-group
B) out-group
C) mature partnership phase
D) acquaintance phase

Question 30

Which researcher(s)measured the relationship between LMX and citizenship behaviors?

A) Komives
B) Ilies et al.
C) Greenleaf
D) Graen and Uhl-Bien

Question 31

Later studies of LMX found all of the following except ______.

A) positive relationship between quality of LMX and citizenship behaviors
B) high-quality LMX was positively related to employee feelings of energy
C) interest in studying LMX has diminished
D) high LMX correlates to positive organizational outcomes

Question 32

During the mature partnership phase of leadership making,______.

A) roles are tested
B) exchanges are medium quality
C) influences are mixed
D) interests are group focused

Question 33

Roles being tested in leadership-making means ______.

A) the leader and follower have already tested their interactions and found them satisfactory
B) the leader and follower are assessing desire for the follower to take on new responsibilities
C) the leader and follower are focused on the rules of interaction
D) the leader and follower are comfortable depending on each other

Question 34

During the acquaintance phase of leadership making,the exchanges are ______.

A) low quality
B) medium quality
C) moderately high quality
D) high quality

Question 35

During the stranger phase of leadership making,the exchanges are ______.

A) low quality
B) medium quality
C) moderately high quality
D) high quality

Question 36

During the stranger phase of leadership making,______.

A) interests are mixed
B) exchanges are high quality
C) influences are one-way
D) interests are group focused

Question 37

Which theory of leadership suggests that it is important to recognize the existence of in-groups and out-groups within an organization?

A) path-goal theory
B) expectancy theory
C) servant leadership
D) leader-member exchange theory

Question 38

During the acquaintance phase of leadership making,______.

A) roles are scripted
B) exchanges are negotiated
C) influences are mixed
D) influences are one-way

Question 39

During the acquaintance phase of leadership making,the roles are ______.

A) scripted
B) tested
C) negotiated
D) implied

Question 40

Studies of LMX have concluded all but the following ______.

A) empowerment moderates the impact of LMX on job outcomes
B) citizenship behaviors and LMX are positively correlated
C) high-quality leader-member exchanges foster positive job outcomes
D) all employees are in the in-group to some degree

Question 41

You have been working at your job for over a year.Your boss started offering you new assignments with weekly meetings for the past two months in order to exchange valuable information regarding the tasks.According to the LMX theory,you are having ______ exchanges.

A) high-quality
B) low-quality
C) medium-quality
D) negotiated-quality

Question 42

Out-group members act differently from in-group members in that they ______.

A) interact often with the leader
B) perform their job duties but no extra work
C) ask for additional responsibility
D) receive special attention from their leaders

Question 43

The dyadic relationship in LMX is ______.

A) descriptive
B) prescriptive
C) unscripted
D) both descriptive and prescriptive

Question 44

You have been working at your job for over a year.Your boss starts offering you new assignments with weekly meetings in order to exchange valuable information regarding the tasks.According to the LMX theory,the influence between you is ______.

A) tested
B) medium quality
C) mixed
D) negotiated

Question 45

You have been working at your job for over a year.Your boss starts offering you new assignments with weekly meetings in order to exchange valuable information regarding the tasks.The result is that you and your boss are able to redefine your working relationship and find new ways of relating.According to the LMX theory,you are now in a ______ role.

A) tested
B) mixed
C) scripted
D) negotiated

Question 46

LMX theory has been criticized.Which of the following is not a criticism of LMX theory.

A) It runs counter to the human value of fairness.
B) It discriminates against some subordinates.
C) It directs our attention to the importance of the leader-member dyad.
D) It supports the advantage of privileged groups in the workplace.

Question 47

Who is responsible for making the offer for improved career-oriented interactions?

A) leader
B) follower
C) leader or follower
D) followers' coworkers

Question 48

The leadership-making model is ______.

A) prescriptive
B) descriptive
C) unscripted
D) transactional

Question 49

You have been working at your job for over a year.Your boss starts offering you new assignments with weekly meetings in order to exchange valuable information regarding the tasks.According to the LMX theory,you are now in a ______ role.

A) tested
B) low-quality
C) scripted
D) negotiated

Question 50

The leader of your work team consistently shows she trusts and respects you and depends on you to help the team accomplish established goals.You show her through your reliable actions and communication that her trust is warranted.You and your supervisor are in the ______.

A) mature partnership phase
B) acquaintance phase
C) medium-quality phase
D) tested stranger phase

Question 51

The prescriptive nature of LMX ______.

A) is described by the in-group and out-group
B) relies on leaders adjusting to follower characteristics
C) is found in the leadership-making phases
D) relies on followers making a social connection with the leader

Question 52

During the early phases of leadership making,leaders look for what qualities in followers?

A) agreeableness and cooperation
B) good humor and intelligence
C) enthusiasm and participation
D) pleasantness and trustworthiness

Question 53

Which of the following is not a subordinate benefit of high LMX?

A) increased performance-related feedback
B) preferential treatment
C) social interaction outside of the work setting
D) ample access to supervisors

Question 54

The mature partnership phase is not characterized by ______.

A) tasks
B) respect
C) reciprocity
D) transformational relationships

Question 55

During the acquaintance phase of leadership making,interests are ______.

A) self-focused
B) group focused
C) focused on group and self
D) reciprocal

Question 56

In-group members ______.

A) get more information from leaders
B) are focused on themselves rather than the team
C) have low-quality leader-member exchanges
D) do their jobs and nothing more

Question 57

During the acquaintance phase of leadership making,subordinates tend to focus ______.

A) less on their own self-interests
B) mostly on their own self-interests
C) less on the group's interests
D) on both their own and the group's interests

Question 58

According to Graen and Uhl-Bien,leadership making develops progressively over time in how many phases?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 59

According to Harris,Wheeler,and Kacmar,what moderates the impact of leader-member exchange on job outcomes?

A) empowerment
B) enthusiasm
C) cooperation
D) amount of experience

Question 60

What is a key predictor of relationship quality for both leaders and followers?

A) extraversion
B) performance
C) agreeableness
D) trust

Question 61

Research by Hill and colleagues supports the notion that positive a leader-member relationship can result from ______.

A) a high degree of electronic communications between them
B) the leader and member having the same degree of conscientiousness
C) frequent social encounters with one another outside the workplace
D) the leader and member having complementary skill sets

Question 62

Yolanda has been working for a consulting firm for a few months.Her supervisor Ryan asks her one day if she'd like to take on an added assignment by working on some reports for a valuable new client.Yolanda is interested in the opportunity because she wants to have more of a hand in the firm's success.Ryan and Yolanda are most likely in which phase of the leadership making process?

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 3
D) Phase 4

Question 63

Yuxi just started her new job as an account executive a month ago.She's still getting to know her boss.In LMX,this Stranger phase of leadership making most likely involves ______.

A) Yuxi focusing exclusively on the company's goals
B) Yuxi and her boss reciprocally influencing each other
C) Yuxi's boss affording her a high degree of trust
D) Yuxi and her boss in a scripted relationship

Question 64

Recent research on LMX has ______.

A) used non-US samples and racially diverse dyads
B) been sparse and lacking
C) not looked at employee outcomes
D) focused on describing in-groups and out-groups

Question 65

Potential for discrimination in LMX comes from ______.

A) the high-quality LMX dyadic relationships
B) when followers are in either the in- or out-groups
C) when leaders are open to followers switching in- or out-groups
D) when leaders attempt to have all followers in the in-group

Question 66

You do your job at work,show up on time and complete your tasks.But you notice that there are a group of your colleagues in the company that seem to get more attention from the boss.According to LMX theory,if you want to be a member of this group you should ______.

A) point out this perceived favoritism to your boss
B) request that your colleagues include you in more meetings
C) ask your boss if you can take on some extra work
D) keep performing within your job description until you get noticed

Question 67

LMX theory can be applied ______.

A) by leaders at all levels of an organization
B) by mid-level leaders only
C) by upper-level leaders only
D) by lower-level leaders only

Question 68

A strength of the LMX approach is its focus on the importance of ______ in leadership.

A) situations
B) personality
C) communication
D) morality

Question 69

Which of the following is true about LMX theory?

A) It is used heavily in management training programs.
B) It can be said to highlight favoritism in a workplace.
C) It is applicable only in corporate for-profit settings.
D) It fails to examine individual relationships between leader and follower.

Question 70

Beth and James are in a dyadic relationship on a work team in which both of them are focused on the group's goals and outcomes.Beth and James are in ______.

A) tested roles
B) low-quality exchange
C) stranger phase
D) mature partnership phase

Question 71

David's boss Jerome allows David to park in his reserved corporate parking space when Jerome is out of the country on business.David most likely ______.

A) is part of the company's out-group
B) has a high-quality relationship with his boss
C) gets little feedback about his performance
D) does not do extra work beyond his job description

Question 72

To assess leader-member exchanges,researchers typically use ______.

A) in-depth observations in the workplace over time
B) interviews to pinpoint out-group members
C) questionnaires to evaluate leader-follower relationships
D) focus groups of in-group members to assess benefits

Question 73

Which of the following is a criticism of LMX?

A) It alerts leaders to their biases.
B) It is a unique approach that looks at dyadic relationships.
C) LMX does not fully explain the creation of high-quality exchanges.
D) It directs our attention to the importance of communication in leadership.

Question 74

Ray is the leader of a non-profit organization that supports education for underserved populations in your community.You volunteer regularly with this organization and see Ray almost every day you are volunteering.Yesterday Ray asked you to take on a lead volunteer role,stating that your commitment to the organization and interaction with Ray have shown him he can count on you.You agree to step into this lead volunteer role.You and Ray have just entered which phase of leadership making?

A) mature partnership phase
B) acquaintance phase
C) scripted partnership phase
D) stranger phase

Question 75

Which is not a strength of LMX?

A) It looks at dyadic relationships in the leadership process.
B) It accurately describes the in- and out-group process.
C) Research substantiates how LMX is related to organizational outcomes.
D) It runs counter to the human value of fairness.

Question 76

High quality exchanges between leaders and followers produce ______.

A) higher employee turnover
B) less feedback about performance
C) better organizational commitment
D) fewer demands on leaders' time

Question 77

Out-group members ______.

A) act differently than in-group members
B) operate outside of their job descriptions
C) have better relationships with their leaders
D) are treated unfairly by their leaders

Question 78

I focus on getting my job done and satisfying my needs and also think about the needs of my team members.I also consider my influence with my leader as mixed and one in which we are both testing my role in the organization.We are in the _____.

A) mature partnership phase
B) acquaintance phase
C) stranger phase
D) negotiated phase

Question 79

Leadership making is a process that aims to ______.

A) make all workers in an organization into leaders
B) create networks of strong partnerships that will benefit the organization
C) link out-group members together in solidarity
D) debunk LMX theory so that workplaces become more inclusive

Question 80

Which of the following is not a criticism of LMX?

A) LMX does not fully explain the creation of high-quality exchanges.
B) It runs counter to the human value of fairness.
C) It looks at dyadic relationships in the leadership process.
D) The measurement of LMX is questionable.