Deck 19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Inadequate dietary iodine can lead to:

A)​increased T3 production
B)increased T4 production
C)Graves' disease
D)hypothyroidism
E)​hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What does Conn's syndrome reflect?​

A)​primary hyperaldosteronism
B)secondary hyperaldosteronism
C)primary hypoaldosteronism
D)secondary hypoaldosteronism
E)​hyponatremia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What hormone strengthens sympathetic responses and mobilizes carbohydrate and fat stores at times of stress?

A)​cortisol
B)testosterone
C)epinephrine
D)norepinephrine
E)​insulin

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What are the two basic "ingredients" for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A)​tyrosine and calcium
B)lysine and calcium
C)dopamine and iron
D)arginine and iodine
E)​tyrosine and iodine

Question 5

What are the major secretory cells of the thyroid gland called?

A)​secretory cells
B)islets of Langerhans
C)isthmus cells
D)follicular cells
E)​colloid cells

Question 6

How many layers or zones does the adrenal cortex have?​

A)​1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)​5

Question 7

What is the only known factor that increases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (and,accordingly,TSH and thyroid hormone secretion)?​

A)​exposure to cold in adults
B)exposure to cold in newborn infants
C)extreme emotional stress
D)starvation
E)​physical trauma

Question 8

Thyroid hormone increases target-cell responsiveness to catecholamines,such as:

A)​tyrosine and lysine
B)monoiodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)FSH and LH
E)​serotonin and dopamine

Question 9

What do mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone do?

A)​stimulate release of growth hormone
B)play a role in glucose metabolism
C)impact sexuality and libido
D)reduce blood sugar levels
E)​influence electrolyte balance

Question 10

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A)​neurotransmitters
B)steroid hormones
C)catecholamines
D)indoleamines
E)​peptide hormones

Question 11

What do the C cells of the thyroid gland secrete?

A)​calcitonin
B)calcium
C)iodine
D)corticosteroids
E)​thyroglobulin

Question 12

Superimposed on the basic negative-feedback control system are two additional factors that influence plasma cortisol concentrations:​

A)​gluconeogenesis and hypertension
B)diurnal rhythm and stress
C)high blood sugar levels and stress
D)low blood sugar levels and stress
E)​diurnal rhythm and hypertension

Question 13

What is the primary glucocorticoid?

A)​cortisol
B)angiotensin
C)aldosterone
D)androgens
E)​testosterone

Question 14

What gland coordinates the multifaceted stress response?

A)​pineal
B)thalamus
C)hypothalamus
D)pituitary
E)​adrenals

Question 15

What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?

A)​aldosterone
B)testosterone
C)estrogen
D)cortisol
E)​angiotensin

Question 16

What does Cushing's syndrome reflect?

A)​excessive aldosterone secretion
B)insufficient aldosterone secretion
C)androgen hypersecretion
D)excessive cortisol secretion
E)​insufficient cortisol secretion

Question 17

All stressors produce a similar nonspecific,generalized set of responses known as the:

A)​flight or fight response
B)homeostatic response
C)cognitive dissonance model
D)stress equilibrium syndrome
E)​general adaptation syndrome

Question 18

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A)​1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)​5

Question 19

What is the only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance?

A)​cortisol
B)dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
C)estrogen
D)androgen
E)​testosterone

Question 20

What are all of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex derived from?

A)​cholesterol
B)tyrosine
C)lysine
D)testosterone
E)​peptides

Question 21

How much of the body's calcium resides within the ECF?

A)​0.1%
B)1%
C)10%
D)50%
E)​99%

Question 22

What nutrient is the major energy source during the absorptive state?​

A)​B vitamins
B)electrolytes
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids
E)​glucose

Question 23

What diabetes sub-type is characterized by a lack of insulin secretion?

A)​prediabetes
B)type 1
C)type 2
D)type 3
E)​insipidus

Question 24

What is the term for vitamin D deficiency in adults?

A)​osteomalacia
B)osteoporosis
C)osteosarcoma
D)rickets
E)​Cushing's disease

Question 25

What is the principal regulator of Ca₂+ metabolism?

A)​aldosterone
B)cortisol
C)parathyroid hormone
D)thyroid hormone
E)​calcitonin

Question 26

What is the term for the buildup or synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from small organic molecular subunits?

A)​intermediary metabolism
B)fuel metabolism
C)macrobolism
D)anabolism
E)​catabolism

Question 27

What is the primary fuel source for the brain?

A)​neurotransmitters
B)electrolytes 
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids
E)​glucose

Question 28

What is the major controlling factor for insulin levels?

A)​diurnal patterns
B)pancreatic health
C)availability of digestive enzymes
D)blood glucose concentration
E)​percentage of body fat

Question 29

How many glucose transporters (GLUTs)have been identified?

A)​2
B)5​
C)8
D)10
E)​14

Question 30

What does hypoparathyroidism lead to?

A)​hypernatremia and vitamin D deficiency
B)hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia
C)hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
D)​hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
E)​hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

Question 31

What vitamin does parathyroid hormone enhance activation of in the kidneys?

A)​vitamin A
B)vitamin B₆
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D
E)​vitamin E

Question 32

How long does it take the average meal to be completely absorbed?

A)​4 hours
B)6 hours
C)12 hours
D)18 hours
E)​24 hours

Question 33

The surface osteoblasts and entombed osteocytes are connected by an extensive network of small,fluid-containing canals,called the:

A)​osteons
B)trabecular canals
C)central canals
D)lamellae
E)​canaliculi

Question 34

What are some lesser energy sources the body can convert to glucose?

A)​enzymes,lactate,and hemoglobin
B)glycerol,lactate,and ketone bodies
C)glycerol,hemoglobin,and cholesterol
D)glycerol,ascorbic acid,and ketone bodies
E)​enzymes,ascorbic acid,and cholesterol

Question 35

What's the storage form of dietary fat?

A)​triglycerides
B)fatty acids
C)glycogen
D)glucagon
E)​ATP

Question 36

During digestion,carbohydrates are converted into:​

A)​monoglycerides
B)monosaccharides
C)amino acids
D)fatty acids
E)​essential vitamins

Question 37

Phosphate helps to form the backbone of what molecules?

A)​organic acids
B)polypeptides
C)digestive enzymes
D)DNA
E)​glucose

Question 38

What cell type constitutes the highest percentage of islet cells within the pancreas?

A)​epsilon cells
B)alpha cells
C)beta cells
D)delta cells
E)​gamma cells

Question 39

What's the storage form of excess circulating amino acids not immediately needed?

A)​protein
B)polypeptides
C)triglycerides
D)glycogen
E)​enzymes

Question 40

Osteocytes,despite their boney confinement,influence ongoing bone formation by secreting what paracrine?

A)​calcitonin
B)sclerostin
C)vasopressin
D)osteoprotegerin
E)​RANK ligand

Question 41

The liver plays the primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.​

Question 42

When the sympathetic system is activated under conditions of fear or stress,it simultaneously triggers a surge of adrenomedullary catecholamine release.

Question 43

A goiter may accompany hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism,but it need not be present in either condition.​

Question 44

The hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),in tropic fashion,"turns on" TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary.​

Question 45

Excess adrenal androgen secretion,a masculinizing condition,is far less common than the feminizing condition of excess adrenal estrogen secretion.

Question 46

Cortisol inhibits glucose uptake and use by many tissues,including the brain.

Question 47

Anabolism is the breakdown,or degradation,of large,energy-rich organic molecules within cells.

Question 48

Thyroid hormone is essential for normal growth because of its effects on growth hormone and IGF-I.

Question 49

A prominent feature of Graves' disease and all types of hyperthyroidism is exophthalmos.

Question 50

Pancreatic somatostatin stimulates digestion in a variety of ways by increasing nutrient breakdown and absorption.

Question 51

In primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease),all layers of the adrenal cortex are undersecreting.

Question 52

Epinephrine reduces blood glucose levels by several different mechanisms.

Question 53

Glucagon affects many of the same metabolic processes that insulin influences,but in most cases glucagon's actions are opposite to those of insulin.

Question 54

Blood insulin levels may rise abnormally high in a non-diabetic individual whose alpha cells are under-responsive to glucose,a condition called reactive hypoglycemia.

Question 55

Excess circulating glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen.

Question 56

A fall in blood fatty acid concentration directly inhibits insulin output and stimulates glucagon output by the liver.

Question 57

Of the total adrenomedullary catecholamine output,epinephrine accounts for 20% and norepinephrine for 80%.

Question 58

In addition to the effects of cortisol in the hypothalamus- pituitary-adrenal cortex axis,ACTH may also play a role in resisting stress.

Question 59

Strong circumstantial evidence suggests a link between chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors and development of pathological conditions such as high blood pressure.

Question 60

The stress hormones,epinephrine and cortisol,both increase blood glucose and blood fatty acids through a variety of metabolic effects.​

Question 61

Vitamin D is a hormone that increases Ca₂+ absorption in the liver.

Question 62

Hyperparathyroidism,which is usually caused by a hypersecreting tumor in one of the parathyroid glands,is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.

Question 63

With __________ caused by thyroid gland failure or lack of __________,a goiter develops because the circulating level of thyroid hormone is so low.

Question 64

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is __________.

Question 65

The __________ nervous system and the epinephrine secreted at its bidding both inhibit insulin and stimulate __________.

Question 66

Insulin stimulates __________,the production of glycogen from glucose,in skeletal muscle and the liver.

Question 67

The major neural response to a stressful stimulus is generalized activation of the __________ nervous system.

Question 68

Excessive adrenal androgen secretion in young boys causes them to prematurely develop male secondary sexual characteristics,a condition called __________.

Question 69

The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons called __________ cells.

Question 70

The follicular cells produce two iodine-containing hormones derived from the amino acid __________: tetraiodothyronine (T4)and __________.

Question 71

Cortisol exerts __________ and immunosuppressive effects to help hold immune system responses in a check-and-balance fashion.

Question 72

Cortisol is bound mostly to a plasma protein specific for it,which is known as __________.

Question 73

Adrenal DHEA is overpowered by testicular __________ in males,but is of physiologic significance in females.

Question 74

About 90% of the secretory product released from the thyroid gland is in the form of __________,yet __________ is about 10 times more biologically potent.

Question 75

Calcitonin raises plasma Ca₂+ concentration and is important for controlling Ca₂+ metabolism.

Question 76

Osteoporosis occurs with greatest frequency in postmenopausal women because of the associated withdrawal of bone-preserving estrogen.​

Question 77

Intracellular phosphate is important in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP.

Question 78

Glucose stimulates insulin secretion by means of a(n)__________  process.

Question 79

Closely related to thyroid hormone's metabolic effect is its __________ effect.

Question 80

Epinephrine __________ the overall metabolic rate.