Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

What type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)is made of tubules and lumens?

A)​long ER
B)smooth ER
C)rough ER
D)Golgi complex
E)​short ER

Answer 1

B

Question 2

On average,how many lysosomes do cells contain?​

A)about 10​
B)about 50
C)about 100
D)about 300
E)​about 1,000

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Vesicular transport from one Golgi sac to the next is accomplished through the action of what compound?

A)​proteasome
B)B-protease
C)ubiquitin
D)membrane-curving coat protein I (COPI)
E)​plasma coated protein I (PCPI)

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The endoplasmic reticulum has a quality control system to remove misfolded proteins by tagging them with what small protein?

A)​proteasome
B)A-protease
C)ubiquitin
D)B-protease
E)​co-enzyme Q-10

Question 5

What are the two major parts of a cell's interior?

A)​the intracellular fluid and matrix
B)the nucleus and plasma membrane
C)the nucleus and cytoplasm
D)the DNA and cytoplasm
E)​the DNA and RNA

Question 6

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)is most abundant in what kind of cells?

A)cells specialized for protein secretion​
B)nerve cells
C)cells that require minimal membrane synthesis
D)cardiac muscle cells
E)​slowly growing cells

Question 7

How many primary types of RNA play roles in protein synthesis within cells?​

A)​two
B)three
C)four
D)five
E)​six

Question 8

What is the smallest structural/functional unit capable of carrying out life processes?

A)​an atom
B)a molecule
C)a cell
D)an organ
E)​a specialized tissue

Question 9

A cell's cytoplasm consists of ____.

A)cytosol,plasma membrane,and mitochondria
B)plasma membrane,organelles,and ribosomes
C)cellular plasma,organelles,and exoskeleton
D)osmotic fluid,DNA,and cytoskeleton
E)​cytosol,organelles,and cytoskeleton

Question 10

What is the type of RNA called that delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site at the ribosome?​

A)​messenger RNA
B)deliver RNA
C)ribosomal RNA
D)transfer RNA
E)​cytoplasm RNA

Question 11

The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces what two compounds?

A)​DNA and RNA
B)organelles and protein
C)ATP molecules and lipids
D)ribosomes and ATP molecules
E)​proteins and lipids

Question 12

An organism's structure and function ultimately depend on what two factors within its cells?​

A)​size and shape
B)structural appearance and ability to produce energy
C)collective functional capabilities and location
D)collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities
E)​location within the body and overall number

Question 13

What is the average size (in diameter)of a typical human cell?

A)​about 100 micrometers
B)about 10 to 20 micrometers
C)about 1 micrometer
D)about 10 millimeters
E)​about 1 millimeter

Question 14

How many chromosomes do regular human cells contain?

A)​46
B)43
C)36
D)23
E)​18

Question 15

What is the genetic material in a cell's nucleus called?

A)​ribosomal acid (RNA)
B)chromosomal proteins
C)ribonucleic acid (RNA)
D)diatomic nucleic acid (DNA)
E)​deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 16

What emerging science studies environmentally induced modifications of a gene's activity that do not involve a change in the gene's DNA code?

A)​gene modification theory
B)epigenetics
C)geneticology
D)modified genetics
E)​intragenetics

Question 17

What is the main action of lysosomes?​

A)​promote cellular division
B)repair the plasma membrane
C)destroy free radicals
D)produce energy for cells
E)​break down organic molecules

Question 18

How much more powerful are modern electron microscopes compared to light microscopes?​

A)​100x
B)50x
C)25x
D)10x
E)​5x

Question 19

In addition to the main types of RNA,what are the newly discovered regulatory RNA types called?

A)​small RNA and regulatory RNA
B)intracellular RNA and extracellular RNA
C)microRNA and small interfering RNA
D)microRNA and regulatory RNA
E)​cytoplasm RNA and interfering RNA

Question 20

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum called?

A)​smooth and rough
B)intracellular and extracellular
C)ribbed and non-ribbed
D)long and short
E)​rounded and flat

Question 21

What form of endocytosis do white blood cells use in order to engulf bacteria?

A)​phagocytosis
B)pinocytosis
C)bactocytosis
D)bacteriophage
E)​lymphocytosis

Question 22

How many net molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

A)​36
B)32
C)16
D)12
E)​2

Question 23

Peroxisomes are membranous organelles that produce and decompose what compound?

A)​protein
B)lysosomes
C)hydrogen peroxide
D)iron
E)​ozone

Question 24

Vaults are non-membranous organelles shaped as ____.​

A)​hexagons
B)pentagons
C)octagons
D)decagons
E)​dodecagons

Question 25

What is an alternative name for the citric acid cycle?

A)​lactic acid cycle
B)dicarboxylic acid cycle
C)Krebs cycle
D)glycolysis
E)​vitamin C cycle

Question 26

Pseudopods are characteristic of what form of endocytosis?​

A)​pinocytosis
B)phagocytosis
C)autophagy
D)lymphocytosis
E)​ingestion

Question 27

Which elements of the cytoskeleton are the smallest?

A)​microtubules
B)macrotubules
C)small filaments
D)macrofilaments
E)​microfilaments

Question 28

From what structures do microtubules arise?​

A)​lysosomes
B)macrotubules
C)centrosomes
D)mitochondria
E)​microfilaments

Question 29

What is the storage form of glucose?​

A)​glycogen
B)adipose tissue
C)lipids
D)inclusion
E)​insulin

Question 30

What three distinct elements comprise the cytoskeleton?​

A)​microtubules,microfilaments,and intermediate filaments
B)tubules,filaments,and lumens
C)small tubules,small filaments,and big filaments
D)microtubules,minitubules,and macrotubules
E)​microfilaments,minifilaments,and macrofilaments

Question 31

In what process does the flow of H+ ions activate ATP synthase and power ATP synthesis by its headpiece?

A)​chemosynthesis
B)photosynthesis
C)synthase reduction
D)synthase activation
E)​chemiosmosis

Question 32

Which cytoskeletal element is the largest?

A)​microtubules
B)macrotubules
C)small filaments
D)macrofilaments
E)​microfilaments

Question 33

What is the main role of the mitochondria within cells?

A)​detoxification
B)recycling
C)free radical scavenging
D)power plant
E)​gene protecting

Question 34

What motor protein carries secretory vesicles to the end of axons?​

A)​enzyme K
B)kinesin
C)dynein
D)enzyme D
E)​axonein

Question 35

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?​

A)​glycolysis,citric acid cycle,aerobic and detoxification
B)citric acid cycle,aerobic detoxification,and antioxidation
C)glycolysis,oxidative phosphorylation,and lactic acid cycle
D)oxidative phosphorylation,lactic acid cycle,and glycogen production
E)​glycolysis,citric acid cycle,and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 36

What term refers to the intermediate filaments found in nerve cell axons?

A)​axonalfilaments
B)electrical filaments
C)excitatory filaments
D)neurofilaments
E)​dendrites

Question 37

How many molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle?

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 38

What two compounds link the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system?​

A)​NAD₂and FAD₂
B)H₂O and O₂
C)hydrogen peroxide and ATP synthase
D)NAD+ and FAD
E)​H+ ions and glucose

Question 39

How many enzymes are used for the process of glycolysis?

A)​4
B)6
C)8
D)10
E)​12

Question 40

Cells use the energy stored in ATP primarily for ____.​

A)​detoxification,division,and genetic improvement
B)synthesis,transport,and mechanical work
C)synthesis,detoxification,and waste removal
D)transport,phagocytosis,and exocytosis
E)​mechanical work,genetic improvement,and phagocytosis

Question 41

The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material,ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Question 42

The sacs within each Golgi stack are in close physical contact with each other.

Question 43

Only 25% of DNA codes for protein synthesis.

Question 44

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in protein synthesis.

Question 45

Ribosomes bring together all components that participate in protein synthesis and provide the enzymes and energy required for linking the amino acids together.​

Question 46

About one-third of the proteome is typically synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 47

The nucleus is typically the largest single organized cell component.​

Question 48

A cell has three major parts: the plasma membrane,the nucleus,and the cytoplasm.

Question 49

A vesicle can "dock" lock-and-key fashion and "unload" its selected cargo only at the appropriate docking-marker acceptor in the Golgi complex.​

Question 50

In skeletal muscle and many other cell types,mitochondria exist separately.

Question 51

The cytoskeleton is the protein scaffolding of the cell and serves as its "bones and muscles."

Question 52

The functional activities of each cell depend on the ability to divide.​

Question 53

All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells.

Question 54

Gene expression refers to the multi-stepped process by which information encoded in a gene is used to direct the synthesis of a protein molecule.​

Question 55

A lysosome contains about 500 different powerful hydrolytic enzymes that are synthesized in the ER.

Question 56

Lysosomal enzymes degrade dysfunctional organelles by selective self-digestion known as autophagy.

Question 57

Cellular respiration refers collectively to the intracellular reactions in which energy-rich molecules are broken down to form O₂.​

Question 58

Proteins are the main functional component of cells,and protein-based enzymes govern the rate of cellular division.​

Question 59

As part of their separate heritage,mitochondria possess their own DNA.​

Question 60

Cells with a high rate of secretion use up to 75% of the ATP they generate just to synthesize new chemical compounds.

Question 61

The plasma membrane keeps the ____________________ fluid within the cells from mingling with the extracellular fluid.

Question 62

Occupying about 85% of the total cell volume,the cytosol is the semi-liquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles.

Question 63

The ____________________ is a thin membranous structure that encloses each cell and is composed mostly of lipid molecules and studded with proteins.

Question 64

The ____________________ endoplasmic reticulum (ER)consists of stacks of relatively flattened interconnected sacs,while the ____________________ ER is a meshwork of tiny interconnected tubules.

Question 65

Cells are the highly ____________________,living building blocks of the body.

Question 66

DNA and associated nuclear proteins are organized into ____________________.​

Question 67

Every cell has a built-in biochemical pathway that,if triggered,causes the cell to execute itself as a result of mitochondrial leakage of hydrogen peroxide.

Question 68

Ongoing research supports the role of vaults in nucleus-to-cytoplasm transport,but their cargo has not been determined.

Question 69

Releasing to the exterior of substances originating within the cell is referred to as ____________________.

Question 70

The trillions of cells in a human body are classified into about ____________________ types based on specific variations in structure and function.

Question 71

Tay-Sachs disease is an example of a(n)____________________ storage disease.

Question 72

The ____________________ is a gel-like liquid that suspends the cellular organelles and cytoskeleton.

Question 73

On average,nearly half of the total cell volume is occupied by two categories of organelles: ____________________ organelles and ____________________ organelles.

Question 74

____________________ delivers the appropriate amino acids within the cytoplasm to their designated site in the protein under construction at the ribosome.

Question 75

Centrioles are pairs of cylindrical structures at right angles to each other.

Question 76

Larger species have more cells,not ____________________ cells.

Question 77

Lysosomes fuse with aged or damaged ____________________ to remove them from the cell.

Question 78

The v-SNAREs bind only with the ____________________ docking-marker acceptors of the targeted plasma membrane.

Question 79

Secretory vesicles containing the finished protein products bud off the ____________________ and remain in the cytosol,storing the products until signaled to empty.

Question 80

Cilia are short,tiny,hair-like protrusions usually found in large numbers on the surface of some cells.