Deck 7: The Peripheral Nervous System - Efferent Division

Question 1

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A)​nicotinic and muscarinic
B)ACh and ATP
C)alpha and beta
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine
E)​sodium and potassium

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What kind of muscles are respiratory muscles?

A)​skeletal
B)smooth
C)cardiac
D)efferent
E)​afferent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What neurotransmitter is released from the sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

A)​sodium
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)norepinephrine
E)​epinephrine

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is epinephrine called in English speaking countries outside the United States?

A)​norepinephrine
B)ATP
C)adenosine phosphate
D)adrenaline
E)​aldosterone

Question 5

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A)​superior and inferior
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic
C)spinal and limbs
D)internal and external
E)​efferent and afferent

Question 6

What do baroreceptors monitor?

A)​blood pressure
B)pH
C)sodium content
D)potassium content
E)​temperature

Question 7

What cranial nerve directly impacts heart rate by decreasing it?

A)​II (optic)
B)V (trigeminal)
C)VII (facial)
D)IX (glossopharyngeal)
E)​X (vagus)

Question 8

What kind of receptor responds to acetylcholine released by all autonomic preganglionic fibers?

A)muscarinic cholinergic receptors
B)β1 adrenergic receptors
C)β2 adrenergic receptors
D)α1 adrenergic receptors
E)​nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 9

What neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic preganglionic fiber?

A)​sodium
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)norepinephrine
E)​epinephrine

Question 10

Cardiac muscle,smooth muscle,most exocrine glands,some endocrine glands,and adipose tissue are innervated by the ____.

A)​somatic nervous system
B)sensory-somatic nervous system
C)autonomic nervous system
D)cranial nerves
E)sacral plexus

Question 11

​Innervation of a single organ by both branches of the autonomic nervous system is known as ____.

A)binocular innervation
B)biphasic innervation
C)dual innervation
D)bipolar innervation
E)​double branched

Question 12

What are some examples of autonomic cotransmitters?

A)​endogenous opioids,sodium,and serotonin
B)ATP,dopamine,and neuropeptide Y
C)vasoactive intestinal peptide,dopamine,and serotonin
D)vasoactive intestinal peptide,sodium,and chloride
E)​endogenous opioids,ATP,and serotonin

Question 13

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from the ____.

A)​cranial and cervical areas of the CNS
B)cranial and thoracic areas of the PNS
C)cranial and sacral areas of the CNS
D)thoracic and sacral areas of the PNS
E)thoracic and lumbar areas of the CNS

Question 14

What response is triggered when the sympathetic system is dominant?

A)​muscle building response
B)fight or flight response
C)hiding response
D)rest and digest response
E)​sleep response

Question 15

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

A)​acidity
B)protein or fat content of ingested food
C)salt content
D)osmolarity
E)​toxicity

Question 16

Where do the sympathetic nerve fibers originate?

A)The lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
B)The lateral horn of the thoracic and cervical regions of the spinal cord
C)The medial horn of the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
D)The medial horn of the lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord
E)The posterior horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Question 17

What neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic postganglionic fiber?

A)​sodium
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)norepinephrine
E)​​epinephrine

Question 18

What are the two main classes of adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A)​nicotinic and muscarinic
B)ACh and ATP
C)alpha and beta
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine
E)​sodium and potassium

Question 19

Each autonomic nerve pathway (from the CNS to an innervated organ)consist of how many nerves?

A)​six
B)five
C)four
D)three
E)​two

Question 20

What response is triggered when the parasympathetic system is dominant?

A)​muscle building response
B)fight or flight response
C)hiding response
D)rest and digest response
E)​sleep response

Question 21

Curare blocks the action of ACh at receptor-channels.Therefore,it is considered a(n)____.

A)​antagonist
B)agonist 
C)protagonist
D)synergist
E)​beta blocker

Question 22

What is the potentially deadly food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum called?

A)​influenza
B)clostridium disease
C)myasthenia gravis
D)botulism
E)​Guillain-Barre syndrome

Question 23

What chemical agent causes an explosive release of ACh?

A)​botulinum toxin
B)curare
C)organophosphates
D)black widow spider venom
E)​malathion

Question 24

What is the most harmful result of prolonged depolarization at cholinergic sites?

A)​heart attack
B)brain embolism
C)atherosclerosis
D)lung cancer
E)​respiratory failure

Question 25

How is most of the motor activity in the somatic nervous system coordinated?

A)​consciously
B)subconsciously
C)voluntarily
D)sequentially
E)​reflexively

Question 26

Propagation of an action potential to the axon terminal triggers the opening of what kind of voltage-gated channels?

A)​calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)acetylcholine
E)​dopamine

Question 27

Acetylcholinesterase is classified as a(n)____.

A)​hormone
B)neurotransmitter
C)enzyme
D)fatty acid
E)​amino acid

Question 28

What is the shape of a muscle cell or fiber?

A)​short and cylindrical
B)short and flat
C)bulbous and segmented
D)long and cylindrical
E)​long and flat

Question 29

Each muscle cell connects to how many neuromuscular junctions?​

A)​five
B)four
C)three
D)two
E)​one

Question 30

What type of control exists in the somatic nervous system?​

A)​involuntary
B)voluntary
C)automatic
D)partial
E)​reflexive

Question 31

In the somatic nervous system,how many neurons run from the CNS to the effector organ?

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 32

Where are the cell bodies of almost all motor neurons situated within the spinal cord?

A)​cauda equina
B)cervical ganglia
C)dorsal horn
D)lateral horn
E)​ventral horn

Question 33

What is an interneuron's effect on its effector organ?

A)​It doesn't attach to organs.
B)It always excites.
C)It always inhibits.
D)It neither excites or inhibits.
E)​It can excite or inhibit.

Question 34

Botulinum toxin exerts its lethal blow by blocking the release of what chemical compound?

A)​calcium
B)serotonin
C)ACh
D)potassium
E)​dopamine

Question 35

What is a compound called that mimics a neurotransmitter's response?

A)​agonist
B)antagonist
C)synergist
D)protagonist
E)​facsimile

Question 36

The poliovirus selectively destroys what part of the somatic nervous system?

A)​blood vessels that supply motor neurons
B)dendrites of motor neurons
C)cell bodies of motor neurons
D)axons of motor neurons
E)​neurotransmitters

Question 37

What chemical compound do motor-neuron axon terminals release?

A)​epinephrine
B)norepinephrine
C)nicotinic acid
D)acetylcholine
E)​sodium ions

Question 38

Acetylcholinesterase is located ____.

A)​in the voltage-gated channels
B)on the motor end-plate membrane
C)on the terminal button
D)on the plasma membrane
E)​in the axon of the motor neuron

Question 39

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by what extreme symptom?

A)​inability to breath
B)inability to think
C)muscle twitching
D)muscular weakness
E)​explosive diarrhea

Question 40

Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that modify neuromuscular junction activity by irreversibly inhibiting what chemical compound?

A)​acetylcholine
B)acetylcholinesterase
C)nicotinic acid
D)epinephrine
E)​norepinephrine

Question 41

Most visceral organs are innervated by only parasympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 42

Dual innervation of organs with nerve fibers whose actions oppose each other enables precise control over an organ's activity,like having both an accelerator and a brake to control the speed of a car.

Question 43

Unlike autonomic efferent output,visceral efferent output operates within the realm of consciousness and voluntary control.

Question 44

Nicotinic receptors are activated by the tobacco plant derivative nicotine,whereas muscarinic receptors are activated by the mushroom poison muscarine.

Question 45

Unlike the two-neuron chain of autonomic nerve fibers,the axon of a motor neuron is continuous from its origin in the CNS to its ending on skeletal muscle.

Question 46

Very short preganglionic fibers end on the cells of an organ itself.

Question 47

Sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release the same neurotransmitter,acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 48

Norepinephrine serves as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and is released from the adrenal medulla as a hormone as well.

Question 49

Nerve and muscle cells do not come into direct contact at a neuromuscular junction.

Question 50

Almost all neurally controlled effector organ responses are directly mediated by one of two neurotransmitters: acetylcholine or norepinephrine.

Question 51

Within a neuromuscular junction,the axon terminal splits into multiple fine branches,each of which ends in an enlarged knoblike structure called the terminal button.

Question 52

The pons within the brain stem is the region most directly responsible for autonomic output.

Question 53

The specialized underlying portion of the muscle cell membrane is called the sensory end plate.

Question 54

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)is also known as polio.

Question 55

The result of infection with poliovirus is paralysis of the muscles innervated by the affected neurons.

Question 56

Long postganglionic fibers originate in the ganglion chain and end on the effector organs.

Question 57

The peripheral nervous system has two subdivisions: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 58

Cardiac muscle,smooth muscle,most exocrine glands,some endocrine glands,and adipose tissue are innervated by the autonomic nervous system,the involuntary branch of the peripheral efferent division.

Question 59

Motor neurons are considered the final common pathway because the only way any other parts of the nervous system can influence skeletal muscle activity is by acting on these motor neurons.

Question 60

An antagonist binds with the receptor,preventing the neurotransmitter from binding and causing a response,yet the antagonist itself produces no response.

Question 61

Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ____________________ nervous system,the branch of the ____________________ division subject to voluntary control.

Question 62

Motor neurons,whose axons constitute the somatic nervous system,supply ____________________ muscles and bring about movement.

Question 63

Sympathetic nerve fibers originate in the ____________________ horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Question 64

The parasympathetic system promotes ____________________ bodily functions while slowing down those activities that are enhanced by the sympathetic system.

Question 65

Motor-neuron axon terminals release ____________________,which brings about excitation and contraction of the innervated muscle cells.

Question 66

Nicotinic receptors are found on the ____________________ cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia.

Question 67

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are longer than sympathetic ____________________ fibers.

Question 68

The motor end-plate region undergoes a threshold potential,so an action potential is initiated at this site.

Question 69

The sympathetic nervous system originates in the ____________________ regions of the spinal cord and has short cholinergic preganglionic fibers and ____________________ adrenergic postganglionic fibers.

Question 70

Sympathetic stimulation ____________________ the heart rate,whereas parasympathetic stimulation ____________________ it.

Question 71

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers are called ____________________ fibers because they release noradrenaline,commonly known as norepinephrine.

Question 72

Long postganglionic fibers originate in the ____________________ chain and end on the ____________________ organs.

Question 73

The end-plate potential (EPP)is a graded potential similar to an EPSP,except that an EPP is much larger.

Question 74

Autonomic efferent output regulates ____________________ activities such as circulation and digestion.

Question 75

Each autonomic nerve pathway extending from the CNS to an innervated organ is a(n)____________________ chain.

Question 76

Many autonomic fibers release ____________________ along with the classical neurotransmitters.

Question 77

The muscle cell's electrical response is turned off by an enzyme in the motor end-plate membrane,acetylcholinesterase (AChE),which inactivates ACh.

Question 78

The agonist curare irreversibly binds to the Ach receptor-channels on the motor end plate.

Question 79

By removing relaxation-inducing ACh from the sensory end plate,AChE permits the choice of allowing relaxation to take place or keeping the contraction going,depending on the body's needs.

Question 80

The sympathetic ganglion chain is also called the sympathetic ____________________.