Deck 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

Question 1

Vasodilation is associated with:

A)​increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B)increased carbon dioxide and nitric oxide levels
C)increased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
D)decreased nitric oxide levels and increased histamine release
E)​decreased carbon dioxide and myogenic activity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Vasoconstriction is associated with:

A)​decreased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B)increased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
C)increased carbon dioxide and nitric oxide levels
D)decreased oxygen levels and myogenic activity
E)​decreased endothelin and nitric oxide levels

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the most potent vasoconstricting paracrine yet identified?

A)​cyclic GMP
B)acetylcholine
C)nitric oxide
D)dopamine
E)​endothelin

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries is when blood is ejected into them during:

A)​inhalation
B)exhalation
C)exercise
D)diastole
E)​systole

Question 5

What is the inner most layer of an artery made of?

A)​connective tissue
B)smooth muscle
C)endothelium
D)elastin fibers
E)​collagen fibers

Question 6

What vasoactive chemicals do arteriolar endothelial cells release?

A)​paracrines
B)histamines
C)adrenal hormones
D)neurotransmitters
E)​acetylcholine

Question 7

What provides arteries with tensile strength?

A)​elastin fibers
B)collagen fibers
C)glucosamine
D)smooth muscle
E)​valves

Question 8

Flow rate of blood through a vessel is inversely proportional to:

A)​vascular resistance
B)vascular gradient
C)pressure gradient
D)pressure back flow
E)​vessel strength

Question 9

Why is a relatively large percentage of blood (in excess of need)sometimes directed to the skin?

A)​to eliminate wastes
B)to eliminate heat
C)to pick up nutrients
D)to cleanse the blood
E)​to produce vitamin D

Question 10

The factors that affect flow rate through a vessel are integrated within what law?

A)​Poiseuille's law
B)Pascal's law
C)Cushing's law
D)laws of thermodynamics
E)​law of gravity

Question 11

The major determinant of resistance to blood flow is the:

A)​percentage of red blood cells
B)blood's pH level
C)blood vessel's strength
D)blood vessel's percentage of smooth muscle
E)​blood vessel's radius

Question 12

How thick are capillary walls?

A)​1 micrometer
B)10 micrometers
C)100 micrometers
D)1 millimeter
E)​10 millimeters

Question 13

The extent of contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle depends on the cytosolic concentration of what element?

A)​iron
B)phosphorus
C)potassium
D)magnesium
E)​calcium

Question 14

While measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer,where is the stethoscope placed?

A)​beneath the radial artery
B)above the brachial plexus
C)over the ulnar
D)over the brachial artery
E)​over the radial artery

Question 15

What compound brings about local arteriolar vasodilation by causing relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle in the vicinity?

A)​sodium chloride
B)acetylcholine
C)nitric oxide
D)dopamine
E)​endothelin

Question 16

What are the three blood reconditioning organs?

A)​large bowel,spleen,kidneys
B)large bowel,spleen,skin
C)stomach,kidneys,skin
D)digestive organs,kidneys,skin
E)​digestive organs,spleen,bone marrow

Question 17

Approximately how many arterioles are there in the average human body?

A)​10,000
B)50,000
C)500,000
D)5 million
E)​10 billion

Question 18

Local arteriolar myogenic and chemical mechanisms that keep tissue blood flow fairly constant (despite rather wide deviations in mean arterial driving pressure)is termed:

A)​hemo-control
B)autoregulation
C)hemo-stimulation
D)pararegulation
E)​sympathetic balance

Question 19

What part of the body doesn't have α1 receptors within its arterioles?

A)​the brain
B)the kidneys
C)the small intestine
D)the skin
E)​the heart

Question 20

With the exception of the brain,how are materials exchanged across capillary walls elsewhere in the body?

A)​by carrier-mediated transport systems
B)by active protein carriers
C)by capillary shuttles
D)mainly by diffusion
E)​mainly by membrane binding

Question 21

What harmful compound does the pancreas release when it does not get enough blood due to circulatory shock?

A)​vasopressin
B)acetylcholine
C)protease
D)myocardial toxic factor
E)​insulin

Question 22

The large holes within the leaky capillaries of the kidneys and intestines are known as:

A)​micro pores
B)macro pores
C)Fick's funnels
D)fenestrations
E)​capillary beds

Question 23

Mean arterial pressure within the circulatory system is constantly monitored by:

A)​heart sensors
B)baroreceptors
C)endothelial cells
D)pressure sinuses
E)​ganglions

Question 24

What is the mechanism called that pushes blood from the lower veins to the chest veins due to a pressure difference?

A)​chest flow
B)chest gradient
C)chest pump
D)respiratory pump
E)​respiratory gradient

Question 25

On average,how far apart are the one-way valves in large veins?

A)​1 mm intervals
B)5-8 mm intervals
C)1 cm intervals
D)2-4 cm intervals
E)​8 cm intervals

Question 26

The most important baroreceptors involved in the moment-to-moment regulation of blood pressure are located in the:

A)​medulla and glossopharyngeal nerve
B)internal carotid and vagus nerve
C)carotid sinus and aortic arch
D)glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
E)​medulla and carotid sinus

Question 27

Where does the extra fluid filtered out of the capillaries go?

A)​blood
B)urine
C)lymphatic system
D)spleen
E)​spinal canal

Question 28

Following severe loss of blood,how long does it take for red blood cells to be replaced?

A)​a few hours
B)at least 1 day
C)at least 1 week
D)at least 1 month
E)​about 45 days

Question 29

Under resting conditions,what percent of the body's total blood volume is within the venous system?

A)​60%
B)54%
C)48%
D)40%
E)​33%

Question 30

Where are the chemoreceptors located that are sensitive to low oxygen or high acid levels in the blood?

A)​medulla in the brain stem
B)right atrium
C)carotid and aortic arteries
D)apex of the heart
E)​vena cava

Question 31

By the time the blood enters the venous system,blood pressure averages only:

A)​10 mm Hg
B)17 mm Hg
C)27 mm Hg
D)30 mm Hg
E)​50 mm Hg

Question 32

What are precapillary sphincters made of?

A)​connective tissue
B)elastin fibers
C)collagen fibers
D)endothelial cells
E)​a ring of smooth muscle cells

Question 33

What happens to blood flow as it approaches the heart?

A)​speeds up
B)slows down
C)pools
D)becomes thicker
E)​becomes thinner

Question 34

Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above:

A)​120/70 mm Hg
B)130/75 mm Hg
C)140/90 mm Hg
D)150/95 mm Hg
E)​160/100 mm Hg

Question 35

Circulatory shock from extensive loss of blood volume is known as:

A)​cardiogenic shock
B)vasogenic shock
C)neurogenic shock
D)extensive shock
E)​hypovolemic shock

Question 36

How many capillaries are within a human body?

A)​between 100 to 250 million
B)750 million
C)between 1 to 2.5 billion
D)5 billion
E)​between 10 to 40 billion

Question 37

Which hormone controls water balance in the bloodstream?

A)​vasopressin
B)renin
C)angiotensin
D)aldosterone
E)​dopamine

Question 38

What does a closed venous valve prevent?

A)​escape of blood from the vessel
B)muscle contraction
C)hypertension
D)backflow of lymph
E)​backflow of blood

Question 39

At any point in time,what percentage of the body's total blood volume is within capillaries?

A)​0.5%
B)2%
C)5%
D)10%
E)​15%

Question 40

When pressure inside the capillary exceeds pressure on the outside,fluid is pushed out through the pores in a process known as:

A)​passive diffusion
B)ultrafiltration
C)active osmosis
D)phagocytosis
E)​infusion

Question 41

At resting heart rate,about 80% of the cardiac cycle is spent in systole and 20% in diastole.

Question 42

During systole,no blood enters the arteries,while blood continues to leave,driven by elastic recoil.

Question 43

Elephantiasis is caused by a bacterial infection.

Question 44

On average,the hydrostatic pressure is 37 mm Hg at the arteriolar end of a tissue capillary.​

Question 45

Discontinuous capillaries form large channels known as sinusoids that are 100 times wider than traditional capillaries.​

Question 46

Arteries carry blood from the organs towards the heart.

Question 47

An increased concentration of plasma proteins is a cause of edema.

Question 48

 Reflex venous vasoconstriction can completely compensate for gravitational effects without skeletal muscle activity.​

Question 49

Although ventricular pressure falls to 0 mm Hg during diastole,arterial pressure does not fall to 0 mm Hg because the next cardiac contraction refills the arteries before all the blood drains off.

Question 50

The systolic pressure is the peak pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is pumped into them during ventricular systole.​

Question 51

Transport of absorbed fat is a function of the lymphatic system.​

Question 52

When a tissue's blood supply is blocked,carbon dioxide levels decrease in the deprived tissue.​

Question 53

Large percentages of the cardiac output are distributed to the kidneys in order to eliminate metabolic wastes and adjust water and electrolyte composition.

Question 54

When shear stress increases,endothelial cells release nitric oxide,which diffuses to the underlying smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation.​

Question 55

Decreased blood flow in response to enhanced tissue activity is called active hyperemia.

Question 56

Vasopressin is primarily involved in maintaining water balance by regulating the amount of water the kidneys retain for the body during urine formation.​

Question 57

Arterioles have no significant parasympathetic innervation,with the exception of the abundant parasympathetic vasodilator supply to the arterioles of the genitalia.

Question 58

Venous valves play a role in counteracting the gravitational effects of upright posture by helping minimize the backflow of blood and by temporarily supporting portions of the column of blood when the skeletal muscles are relaxed.

Question 59

Viscosity refers to the friction developed between the molecules of a fluid as they slide over each other during flow of the fluid.

Question 60

Veins have a large radius,so they offer little resistance to flow.​

Question 61

Right atrial volume receptors and hypothalamic osmoreceptors are primarily important in water and salt balance in the body.

Question 62

Arterioles branch further within the organs into __________,the smallest of vessels,across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells.

Question 63

Secondary hypotension results from insufficient compensatory responses to the gravitational shifts in blood when a person moves from a horizontal to a vertical position.

Question 64

Arteriolar smooth muscle normally displays a state of partial constriction known as __________,which establishes a baseline of arteriolar resistance.​

Question 65

After only __________ minutes without O₂,permanent brain damage occurs.​

Question 66

Unlike arteries,arteriolar walls contain little __________ connective tissue.​

Question 67

The main region of the brain that adjusts sympathetic output to the arterioles is the cardiovascular control center in the __________ of the brain stem.

Question 68

Capillaries consist of only a(n)__________ layer of flat __________ cells.​

Question 69

Local chemical influences on arteriolar radius include local __________ changes and __________ release.​

Question 70

The sounds heard when determining blood pressure are known as __________ sounds.​

Question 71

The flow rate of blood through a vessel is __________ proportional to the pressure gradient.

Question 72

As the major arteries branch into medium-size vessels approaching the organs,the vessel wall becomes relatively less __________ and more __________.​

Question 73

Following severe loss of blood,the resultant reduction in circulating blood volume leads to an increase in venous return and stroke volume,a subsequent fall in cardiac output,and a rise in mean arterial blood pressure.

Question 74

The endothelial cells in brain capillaries are joined by __________ junctions so that pores are nonexistent.

Question 75

Capillaries typically branch either directly from an arteriole or from a thoroughfare channel known as a(n)__________.​

Question 76

When blood pressure is 120/80,pulse pressure is __________ mm Hg.​

Question 77

Local physical influences on arteriolar radius include how much the vessel is __________,the extent of __________ stress,and local application of heat or cold.​

Question 78

Increased thirst is stimulated by the initial fall in plasma/blood volume that occurs with hemorrhage.

Question 79

Arteriolar radius is extrinsically controlled by the hormones vasopressin and angiotensin II,which are potent vasoconstrictors.​

Question 80

When a small artery reaches the organ it is supplying,it branches into numerous __________.