Deck 11: The Blood

Question 1

People with what blood type are referred to as "universal donors?"​

A)​type A
B)type B
C)type O
D)type AB
E)​type ABO

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What makes hemoglobin red colored when combined with oxygen?​

A)​oxygen
B)plasma protein
C)sodium
D)chloride
E)​iron

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Many of the functions of plasma are carried out by:​

A)​red blood cells
B)plasma proteins
C)white blood cells
D)leukocytes
E)​thrombocytes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What constitutes the largest portion of the blood?​

A)​hematocrit
B)red blood cells
C)white blood cells
D)cell fragments
E)​plasma

Question 5

What percentage of the total body weight in humans does blood represent?​

A)​5%
B)8%
C)10%
D)15%
E)​18%

Question 6

What type of polycythemia is common in people who live at high altitudes?

A)​primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)climbing
E)​unstable

Question 7

What is the shape of red blood cells?​

A)​round,donut shaped,and biconcave
B)round,ball shaped,and biconvex
C)flat,disc shaped,and biconcave
D)flat,ovoid,and biconvex
E)​bulbous,cigar shaped,and biconcave

Question 8

Primary polycythemia is caused by a tumor-like condition of:​

A)​liver
B)spleen
C)kidneys
D)bone marrow
E)​GI tract

Question 9

How many types of circulating leukocytes are there?​

A)​3
B)4
C)5
D)6
E)​7

Question 10

What is the average life span of a red blood cell in the human body?​

A)​120 days
B)45 days
C)12 days
D)2 days
E)​12 hours

Question 11

What kind of membranes do red blood cells have?​

A)​flexible
B)rigid
C)extremely porous
D)like a plant's cell wall
E)​biconcave

Question 12

What are erythrocytes?​

A)​plasma proteins
B)cell fragments
C)white blood cells
D)red blood cells
E)​immune cells

Question 13

What is anemia characterized by?​

A)​low plasma volume
B)low hematocrit
C)low white blood cell count
D)high thrombocyte count
E)​thick blood

Question 14

Erythropoiesis is controlled by erythropoietin,which is manufactured in the:​

A)​spleen
B)kidneys
C)plasma
D)bone marrow
E)​GI system

Question 15

What is the average volume of blood in men?​

A)​3.5 liters
B)4.5 liters
C)5.5 liters
D)6.5 liters
E)​7.5 liters

Question 16

What type of anemia is caused by an inability to absorb enough ingested vitamin B₁₂ from the digestive tract?​

A)​pernicious anemia
B)nutritional anemia
C)aplastic anemia
D)hemolytic anemia
E)​renal anemia

Question 17

What component of blood is directly related to the immune system?

A)​leukocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)platelets
D)cell fragments
E)​thrombocytes

Question 18

How many erythrocytes are in each milliliter of blood?​

A)​50 million
B)500 million
C)1 billion
D)5 billion
E)15 billion​

Question 19

How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule can pick up in the lungs?

A)​2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)​6

Question 20

Where are erythrocytes produced in the adult human body?​

A)​spleen
B)kidneys
C)plasma
D)bone marrow
E)​GI system

Question 21

Platelets are shed from what kind of cells?​

A)​megakaryocytes
B)thrombocytes
C)erythrocytes
D)monocytes
E)​P cells

Question 22

What do monocytes mature into?​

A)​basophils
B)eosinophils
C)macrophages
D)B lymphocytes
E)​T lymphocytes

Question 23

A cancerous condition involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs is known as:​

A)​neutrophilia
B)lymphoma
C)sickle cell anemia
D)malaria
E)​leukemia

Question 24

What is the most common cause of hemophilia?​

A)​low or no factor VIII
B)low or no factor III
C)low of no factor V
D)too much factor III
E)​too much factor VI

Question 25

How many steps are involved in the extrinsic pathway to the clotting cascade?​

A)​eight
B)seven
C)six
D)five
E)​four

Question 26

What is the normal range of white blood cells per milliliter of blood?​

A)​40 to 50 million
B)32 to 35 million
C)20 to 25 million
D)12 to 18 million
E)​5 to 10 million

Question 27

How long do platelets remain functional for?

A)​10 days
B)7 days
C)5 days
D)2 days
E)​10 hours

Question 28

An increase in what type of leukocyte is associated with allergic reactions?​

A)​neutrophils
B)basophils
C)monocytes
D)eosinophils
E)​lymphocytes

Question 29

Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as:

A)​erythrocytes
B)thrombocytes
C)granulocytes
D)polymorphonuclear
E)​agranulocytes

Question 30

Hemostasis involves three major steps:

A)​vascular relaxation,formation of a fatty plug,and blood thinning
B)vascular relaxation,formation of a fatty plug,and blood thinning
C)vascular spasm,formation of a protein plug,and blood thinning
D)vascular spasm,formation of a platelet plug,and blood coagulation
E)​vascular spasm,formation of a lipid plug,and blood coagulation

Question 31

How many steps are involved in the intrinsic pathway to the clotting cascade?​

A)​four
B)five
C)six
D)seven
E)​eight

Question 32

What is fibrin's most important property?​

A)​stretchiness
B)hardness
C)sponginess
D)softness
E)​porosity

Question 33

Hemostasis involves the formation of what kind of plug?​

A)​fat
B)protein
C)fibrous
D)red blood cell
E)​platelet

Question 34

What enzyme dissolves the clot as part of the healing process?​

A)​thrombin
B)fibrin
C)fibrinogen
D)plasmin
E)​plasminogen

Question 35

What does hemostasis mean?

A)​increased production of RBCs
B)increasing viscosity of blood
C)the stopping of hemorrhage
D)decreasing blood pressure
E)​reducing in blood pH

Question 36

What mineral is most needed during the clotting cascade?

A)​magnesium
B)calcium
C)phosphorus
D)iron
E)​sodium

Question 37

In what form does thrombin normally exist in the plasma?​

A)​fibrinogen
B)protothrombin
C)prothrombin
D)prethrombin
E)​thrombin stabilizing factor

Question 38

A freely floating clot is called a(n):​

A)​thrombus
B)cluster
C)plug
D)fragment
E)​embolus

Question 39

What is the ultimate step in clot formation?​

A)​conversion of fibrin into fibrinogen
B)conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
C)transfer of plasmin from the liver
D)transfer of thrombin from the bone marrow
E)​manufacture of cholesterol for fatty plugs

Question 40

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?​

A)​neutrophils
B)basophils
C)monocytes
D)eosinophils
E)​lymphocytes

Question 41

Albumins are the least abundant plasma proteins,but contribute most extensively to the colloid osmotic pressure.​

Question 42

Fibrinogen is a key factor in blood clotting.​

Question 43

Like the ABO system,naturally occurring antibodies develop against the Rh factor.

Question 44

One of the major consequences of leukemia,a cancerous condition involving reduced WBCs,is inadequate defense capabilities against foreign invasion.​

Question 45

Monocytes,like neutrophils,become professional phagocytes.​

Question 46

Secondary polycythemia is an appropriate erythropoietin-induced adaptive mechanism to improve the blood's O₂-carrying capacity in response to a prolonged reduction in O₂ delivery to the tissues.​

Question 47

The hormone thrombopoietin increases the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and stimulates each megakaryocyte to produce more platelets as needed.

Question 48

Bleeding from a severed vein is more profuse and therefore more dangerous than arterial bleeding.​

Question 49

Hemoglobin is found only in leukocytes.

Question 50

Type AB individuals are called universal recipients -- lacking both anti-A and anti-B antibodies,they can accept donor blood of any type.​

Question 51

The surface membranes of human erythrocytes contain inherited antigens that vary depending on blood type.​

Question 52

Factor X converts prothrombin to thrombin.

Question 53

Because more than 99% of the cells are erythrocytes,the hematocrit essentially represents the percentage of erythrocytes in the total blood volume.

Question 54

All leukocytes ultimately originate from common precursor undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells in the spleen.

Question 55

Nutritional anemia is caused by an inability to absorb enough ingested vitamin B₁₂ from the digestive tract.

Question 56

Pernicious anemia is caused by the bone marrow failing to produce enough RBCs,even though all ingredients needed for erythropoiesis are available.

Question 57

There are two types of lymphocytes,B and T lymphocytes (B and T cells).

Question 58

White blood cells and platelets are packed in a thin,cream-colored layer called the buffy coat.​

Question 59

In severe loss of RBCs,the rate of erythropoiesis can be increased to more than six times the normal level.​

Question 60

Basophils attack parasitic worms and play a role in allergic reactions.​

Question 61

Platelets normally do not adhere to the smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels,but they do stick to damaged vessels.

Question 62

The erythrocytes of people with type A blood contain __________ antigens and their plasma contains __________ antibodies.​

Question 63

The bone __________ normally generates new red blood cells,a process known as __________.​

Question 64

Red marrow not only produces RBCs,but also is the ultimate source for __________ and __________.​

Question 65

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency can cause a bleeding tendency because of incomplete activation of vitamin B-dependent clotting factors.​

Question 66

__________,the smallest of the leukocytes,characteristically have a large spherical nucleus that occupies most of the cell.​

Question 67

Neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils are categorized as polymorphonuclear __________.​

Question 68

Pernicious anemia is caused by an inability to absorb enough __________ from the digestive tract.

Question 69

Neutrophils are __________ specialists;they engulf and destroy bacteria intracellularly.​

Question 70

Widespread clotting can occur in septicemic shock,in which bacteria or their toxins initiate the clotting cascade.

Question 71

Erythrocytes and __________ are both whole cells,whereas __________ are cell fragments.​

Question 72

The main cause of nutritional anemia is lack of dietary __________.​

Question 73

Activated platelets release several important chemicals from their storage granules,such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 74

The most abundant electrolytes (ions)in the plasma are __________ and __________.​

Question 75

Plasmin is a plasma protein produced by the spleen and present in the blood in an inactive precursor form,protoplasmin.

Question 76

Plasma,being a liquid,consists of about __________% water.​

Question 77

The three groups of plasma proteins are albumins,__________,and __________.​

Question 78

The protein that enables RBCs to transport O₂ is __________.

Question 79

A hemoglobin molecule has two parts: the __________ portion and four __________ groups.​

Question 80

When a normal number of erythrocytes are simply concentrated in a smaller plasma volume,the condition is sometimes termed __________.​