Deck 12: Body Defenses

Question 1

The innate immune system encompasses what type of immune response?​

A)​autoimmune
B)tailored
C)varied
D)nonspecific
E)​specific

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How do antibodies physically hinder some antigens from exerting their detrimental effects?

A)​agglutination and engulfing
B)agglutination and lysing
C)lysing and membrane destruction
D)neutralization and engulfing
E)​neutralization and agglutination

Answer 2

E

Question 3

During the inflammation response,what components of the immune system are sent to the invaded or injured area?​

A)​eosinophils and basophils
B)monocytes and fatty acids
C)macrophages and eosinophils
D)neutrophils and monocytes
E)​natural killer cells and plasma proteins

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)are innate mirror images of:

A)​macrophages
B)natural killer cells
C)helper T cells
D)B cells
E)​interferon

Question 5

How many B lymphocytes are people equipped with?

A)​1 million
B)10 million
C)100 million
D)1 billion
E)​10 billion

Question 6

What cells release histamine?

A)​mast cells
B)goblet cells
C)eosinophils
D)macrophages
E)​monocytes

Question 7

What cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response?​

A)​natural killer cells
B)interferon
C)cytokines
D)basophils
E)​eosinophils

Question 8

What are the two types of lymphocytes?​

A)​plasma cells and macrophages
B)B cells and T cells
C)A lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
D)monocytes and basophils
E)​neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 9

What is virulence?​

A)​The disease-producing power of a pathogen
B)The toxicity of a virus
C)The strength of a microorganism
D)The number of pathogens in the body
E)​The deadliness of a toxin

Question 10

What is another term for antibodies?

A)​immunoglobulins
B)a globulins
C)antigens
D)plasma bodies
E)​pathogenic microorganisms

Question 11

What kind of immunity involves the production of activated T lymphocytes?

A)​lymphocyte
B)antibody mediated
C)humoral
D)cell-mediated
E)​non-adaptive

Question 12

What effect does histamine have?

A)​reduced local edema
B)increased erythrocyte proliferation
C)reduced capillary permeability
D)vasoconstriction
E)​vasodilation

Question 13

The primary foreign enemies against which the immune system defends are:​

A)​mold and fungi
B)bacteria and parasites
C)bacteria and viruses
D)bacteria and fungi
E)​viruses and parasites

Question 14

What is the most common type of antigen?

A)​viruses
B)foreign proteins
C)bacteria
D)parasites
E)​cancer cells

Question 15

What mediates the primary response?

A)​IgA antibodies
B)T cells
C)IgM antibodies
D)B cells
E)​IgG antibodies

Question 16

What are the phagocytic specialists?​

A)​eosinophils and macrophages
B)neutrophils and macrophages
C)neutrophils and eosinophils
D)basophils and erythrocytes
E)​basophils and monocytes

Question 17

The process by which neutrophils and monocytes squeeze out between cells of the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response is known as:

A)​diapedesis
B)chemotaxi
C)activation
D)infiltration
E)​arterial passage

Question 18

Most antigens to which B cells respond are:

A)​B-dependent antigens
B)​T-dependent antigens
C)B antibodies
D)T antibodies
E)​T cells

Question 19

How are antibodies shaped?

A)​like an O
B)like an M
C)like an E
D)like a Y
E)​like an X

Question 20

What cells are responsible for the body's immune system?​

A)​erythrocytes
B)thrombocytes
C)pathogens
D)plasmids 
E)​leukocytes

Question 21

How many types of T cells are there?

A)​two
B)three
C)four
D)five
E)​six

Question 22

What two major regulatory systems in the body have the most influence on the immune system?

A)​circulatory and digestive
B)circulatory and endocrine systems
C)digestive and endocrine systems
D)nervous and endocrine systems
E)​nervous and digestive systems

Question 23

What is the term for cellular suicide?

A)​neutralization
B)diapedesis
C)mediation
D)apoptosis
E)​necrosis

Question 24

What kind of antibody does a baby receive from its mother's colostrums (first milk)?

A)​IgA
B)IgB
C)IgC
D)IgG
E)​IgM

Question 25

How many layers comprise the skin?

A)​six
B)five
C)four
D)three
E)​two

Question 26

The spreading of cancer cells around the body from the original source is called:

A)​diapedesis
B)apoptosis
C)benign
D)malignant
E)​metastasis

Question 27

What is the most common acquired immunodeficiency disease?

A)​AIDS
B)allergies
C)rheumatoid arthritis
D)type 1 diabetes
E)​Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 28

What layer of the skin is keratinized?

A)​fatty layer
B)vascular layer
C)hypodermis
D)epidermis
E)​dermis

Question 29

Immunodeficiency diseases can be congenital,which means:

A)​deadly
B)present at birth
C)acquired in childhood
D)acquired in adulthood
E)​environmentally related

Question 30

The targets of cytotoxic T cells most frequently are host cells infected with:

A)​bacteria
B)fungi
C)viruses
D)parasites
E)​mold

Question 31

When a person with an allergic tendency is first exposed to a particular allergen,what cytokine is secreted by compatible helper T cells?​

A)​IL-2
B)IL-3
C)IL-4
D)IL-5
E)​IL-6

Question 32

Helper T cells secrete several interleukins that serve collectively as a(n):

A)​apoptosis factor
B)interleukin growth factor
C)histamine regulator
D)T-cell growth factor
E)​B-cell growth factor

Question 33

What kind of helper T cells does HIV (the AIDS virus)selectively invade?

A)​TH1
B)TH2
C)TFH
D)CD3+
E)​CD4+

Question 34

What is another term for immunological ignorance?

A)​active suppression
B)antigen sequestering
C)clonal deletion
D)clonal anergy
E)​receptor editing

Question 35

What type of cytotoxic T cells respond to foreign antigens only in association with class I MHC glycoproteins?

A)​CD8+
B)CD7+
C)CD6+
D)CD5+
E)​CD4+

Question 36

If an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is concentrated primarily within the bronchioles,what condition results?​

A)​hay fever
B)asthma
C)lung cancer
D)bronchitis
E)​pulmonary edema

Question 37

All of the epithelial surfaces are protected by antimicrobial peptides called:

A)​interleukins
B)interferons
C)histamine granules
D)defensins
E)​chemotactic factor

Question 38

What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A)​osteoarthritis
B)cancer
C)multiple sclerosis
D)type 2 diabetes
E)​gout

Question 39

What are the phagocytic specialists called that are within the air sacs (alveoli)of the lungs?

A)​alveolar macrophages
B)lung neutrophils
C)respiratory phagocytes
D)pulmonary scavengers
E)​air sac scavengers

Question 40

What cells in the epidermis are responsible for the shades of skin color of the various races?

A)​keratinocytes
B)Langerhans cells
C)Granstein cells
D)transient T lymphocytes
E)​melanocytes

Question 41

Interferon released from virus-infected cells binds with other uninvaded host cells and induces these cells to produce inactive enzymes capable of blocking viral replication.

Question 42

Natural killer (NK)cells are naturally occurring leukocytes that nonspecifically destroy bacteria-infected cells and cancer cells.​

Question 43

Membrane attack complexes can be formed and lyse a microbe within 0.1 millisecond.​

Question 44

Aspirin interferes with the inflammatory response by decreasing interferon release.​

Question 45

As a more subtle means of destruction,neutrophils secrete lactoferrin,a protein that tightly binds with iron,making it unavailable for use by invading bacteria.​

Question 46

The currently accepted clonal selection theory proposes that diverse B lymphocytes are produced during fetal development,each capable of synthesizing an antibody against a particular antigen before ever being exposed to it.​

Question 47

Class I MHC glycoproteins,which are recognized by helper (CD6+)T cells,are restricted to the surface of a few special types of immune cells.​

Question 48

The immediate "borrowed" immunity conferred on receipt of preformed antibodies is known as active immunity.​

Question 49

On being released into the blood from either the bone marrow or the spleen,mature A and B cells take up residence and establish lymphocyte colonies in the peripheral lymphoid tissues.​

Question 50

Vaccination deliberately exposes the person to a pathogen that has been stripped of its disease-inducing capability (that is,the pathogen is attenuated).​

Question 51

About 5 million Americans suffer from some type of autoimmune disease,with the incidence being about three times higher in males than in females.​

Question 52

Lymphocytes and macrophages are responsive to blood-borne signals from the digestive system and from certain endocrine glands.​

Question 53

A cytotoxic T cell can also indirectly bring about death of an infected host cell by releasing granzymes,which are enzymes similar to digestive enzymes.

Question 54

The adaptive immune system prepares its defenses for nonspecific pathogens.​

Question 55

In a rare hereditary condition known as severe combined immunodeficiency,both B and T cells are lacking.​

Question 56

An antigen is a large,unique molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself,such as generation of antibodies that lead to its destruction.​

Question 57

T lymphocytes directly destroy virus-invaded cells and mutant cells by releasing chemicals that punch lethal holes in the victim cells.​

Question 58

Bacteria are non-nucleated,single-celled microorganisms self-equipped with all the machinery essential for their survival and reproduction.​

Question 59

Only a fraction of the genetic mutations that occur in the body involve loss of control over the cell's growth and multiplication.​

Question 60

Exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens sometimes induces an immune attack against these antigens.

Question 61

On exposure to tissue thromboplastin in the injured tissue and to specific chemicals secreted by phagocytes on the scene,__________ is converted into __________.

Question 62

Properties of the tail portion of the antibody determine the __________ properties of the antibody.

Question 63

Phagocytic cells are attracted to __________,chemical mediators released at the site of damage.

Question 64

Poison ivy toxin does not harm the skin on contact,but it activates T cells specific for the toxin,including formation of a memory component.

Question 65

__________ are not self-sustaining cellular entities -- they consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein __________.​

Question 66

The __________ system,a group of inactive plasma proteins that,when sequentially activated,bring about destruction of foreign cells by attacking their plasma __________.

Question 67

Cell-mediated immunity involves the production of activated __________,which directly attack unwanted cells.

Question 68

Potential pathogens that gain access to lymph are filtered through __________,where they are exposed to lymphocytes and __________.

Question 69

Activated NLRs trigger formation of cytosolic,multiprotein complexes termed __________.

Question 70

Localized vasodilation is mainly induced by __________ released from mast cells in the area of tissue damage.

Question 71

__________ enhances proliferation of new T cells within the peripheral __________ tissues and augments the immune capabilities of existing T cells.

Question 72

IgE helps protect against __________ worms and is the antibody mediator for common __________ responses.

Question 73

Lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific antigen are known as __________ lymphocytes.

Question 74

Lymphoid tissues,the tonsils and tongue,provide immunological protection against inhaled pathogens near the beginning of the gastrointestinal system.

Question 75

Body-produced chemicals that make bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis are known as __________.

Question 76

Keratinocytes synthesize vitamin C in the presence of sunlight.

Question 77

Granstein cells act as a "brake" on skin-activated immune responses.

Question 78

Unlike B cells,which secrete antibodies that can attack antigens at long distances,__________ must directly contact their targets,a process known as __________ immunity.

Question 79

Shared characteristics of the immune reactions to allergens and parasitic worms include IgE antibody production and increased basophil and eosinophil activity.​

Question 80

In neutralization,antibodies combine with __________ toxins,preventing these harmful chemicals from interacting with susceptible cells.