Deck 14: The Urinary System

Question 1

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?

A)​via protein carriers
B)via fatty acid carriers
C)actively
D)passively
E)​by ionic filtration

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What percentage of sugar (glucose)is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries?​

A)​50%
B)75%
C)89%
D)98%
E)​100%

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys?​

A)​aorta and vena cava
B)superior and inferior vena cava
C)renal artery and renal vein
D)nephron artery and nephron vein
E)​thoracic artery and thoracic vein

Answer 3

C

Question 4

On average,how many times do the kidneys filter the entire plasma volume each day?​

A)​15
B)30
C)65
D)100
E)​135

Question 5

The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the:​

A)​glomerular properties
B)filtration quotient
C)filtration coefficient
D)membrane coefficient
E)​membrane quotient

Question 6

What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys?​

A)​20-25%
B)15%
C)10-12%
D)8%
E)​3-5%

Question 7

What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?​

A)​internal regulation and intrinsic parasympathetic control
B)autoregulation and intrinsic sympathetic control
C)internal regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control
D)autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control
E)​external regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control

Question 8

The primary function of Bowman's capsule is to:

A)​carry blood to the glomerulus
B)collect the glomerular filtrate
C)collect excess blood plasma
D)establish an osmotic gradient
E)​reabsorb sodium

Question 9

Which of the following represents the highest pressure to the lowest?​

A)glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → basement membrane capsule hydrostatic pressure
B)nephron capillary osmotic pressure → basement membrane blood pressure → glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure
C)glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
D)nephron capillary blood pressure → basement membrane osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
E)glomerular capillary blood pressure → plasma-colloid osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Urinary flow in men can be compromised by enlargement or growth of what gland?

A)​kidneys
B)pancreas
C)adrenals
D)prostate​
E)​spleen

Question 11

What layer of the glomerular membrane consists of podocytes?

A)​inner layer of Bowman's capsule
B)outer layer of Bowman's capsule
C)inner loop of Henle
D)outer loop of Henle
E)​the basement membrane

Question 12

The role of the hormone erythropoietin is to:​

A)​stimulate red blood cell production
B)increase urine volume
C)increase frequency of urination
D)draw sodium out of the plasma
E)​combat dehydration

Question 13

How many nephrons are in each kidney?​

A)​about 10 million
B)about 1 million
C)about 100,000
D)about 25,000
E)​about 250

Question 14

Each tuft of the glomerular capillaries is held together by:

A)​granular cells
B)mesangial cells
C)endothelium
D)connective tissue
E)​plasma cells

Question 15

To be reabsorbed by the tubules,how many distinct barriers must a substance cross?

A)​two
B)three
C)four
D)five​
E)​six

Question 16

How much more permeable to water is the glomerular capillary wall compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body?

A)​100x
B)50x
C)20x
D)10x
E)​2x

Question 17

Bilirubin is a waste product in urine derived from:

A)​blood plasma
B)nucleic acids
C)creatine
D)proteins
E)​hemoglobin

Question 18

From what kind of cells are granular cells derived?​

A)​striated muscle cells
B)smooth muscle cells
C)red blood cells
D)white blood cells
E)​plasma cells

Question 19

What are the two types of nephrons called?​

A)​cortex and medulla
B)proximal and distal
C)looped and straight
D)cortical and juxtamedullary
E)​collecting and tubule

Question 20

Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the exception of the:​

A)​distal segment of the tubule
B)proximal segment of the tubule
C)descending limb of Henle's loop
D)ascending limb of Henle's loop
E)​basement membrane

Question 21

What happens when the hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids is too low?​

A)​Oxygen absorption increases.
B)Hydrogen absorption increases.
C)Hydrogen absorption decreases.
D)Hydrogen secretion increases.
E)​Hydrogen secretion decreases.

Question 22

How many important functions do the organic ion secretory systems perform?​

A)​one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)​five

Question 23

Metabolic acidosis is caused by the inability of the kidneys to adequately secrete:​

A)​sodium
B)chloride
C)potassium
D)toxins
E)​hydrogen ions

Question 24

What is the tubular maximum reabsorption rate for glucose?​

A)​375 mg of glucose per minute
B)300 mg of glucose per minute
C)275 mg of glucose per minute
D)200 mg of glucose per minute
E)​100 mg of glucose per minute

Question 25

What is vasopressin also known as?​

A)​angiotensin I
B)angiotensin II
C)renin
D)antidiuretic hormone
E)​insulin

Question 26

What percentage of the plasma entering the kidneys is filtered?​

A)​5%
B)10%
C)15%
D)20%
E)​25%

Question 27

Which part of the Henle's loop actively transports NaCl out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding interstitial fluid?​

A)​long loop
B)short loop
C)ascending limb
D)descending limb
E)​basement membrane

Question 28

What percentage of the kidney tissue is needed to adequately maintain all the essential renal excretory and regulatory functions?​

A)​5%
B)10%
C)15%
D)25%
E)​35%

Question 29

The concentrating mechanism accomplished by the loop of Henle is known as:​

A)​autoregulation
B)countercurrent multiplication
C)secondary passive transport
D)primary active transport
E)​distillation

Question 30

The most prevalent ions secreted by the tubules are:​

A)​sodium and chloride
B)sodium and hydrogen
C)sodium and potassium
D)chloride and potassium
E)​hydrogen and potassium

Question 31

What does micturition mean?​

A)​The process of bladder emptying or urination
B)The process of filtration through the glomerulus
C)The acidification of urine
D)The final filtration of urine
E)​A urinary bacterial infection

Question 32

What does the liver do to foreign substances that facilitates their secretion?​

A)​It binds them to iron.
B)It converts them to anionic forms.
C)It converts them to cationic forms.
D)It attaches water molecules.
E)​It changes their molecular spin.

Question 33

What is a perfect "substance X" for clinical determination of the GFR?​

A)​creatinine
B)creatine
C)glucose
D)insulin
E)​inulin

Question 34

What is the main stimulus for secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?​

A)​angiotensin I
B)angiotensin II
C)renin
D)sodium ions
E)​chloride ions

Question 35

How are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?​

A)​primary passive transport
B)secondary passive transport
C)primary active transport
D)secondary active transport
E)​simple diffusion

Question 36

At normal fluid balance and solute concentration,the body fluids are:​

A)​isotonic
B)hypotonic
C)hypertonic
D)highly acidic
E)​highly alkaline

Question 37

The plasma clearance rate of what organic compound is used to measure renal plasma flow?​

A)​hyaluronic acid
B)para-aminohippuric acid
C)hydroxyapatite
D)sulfuric acid
E)​hydrogen sulfide

Question 38

What are the two types of diuresis?​

A)​insulin diuresis and insulin diuresis
B)sodium diuresis and potassium diuresis
C)water diuresis and hydrostatic diuresis
D)osmotic diuresis and hydrostatic diuresis
E)​osmotic diuresis and water diuresis

Question 39

The passive reabsorption of urea is indirectly linked to the active reabsorption of:​

A)​potassium
B)chloride
C)sodium
D)glucose
E)​phosphorus

Question 40

Potassium secretion is linked to ____.​

A)​sodium reabsorption
B)sodium secretion
C)chloride reabsorption
D)chloride secretion
E)​glucose reabsorption

Question 41

The tubuloglomerular filtration mechanism involves the glomerular apparatus.

Question 42

Hydrogen ions are only secreted by the proximal tubules.

Question 43

Because the organic ion secretory carriers are not very selective,different drugs can compete for binding sites on the same carrier.

Question 44

Plasma protein concentration can become extremely high in diabetes mellitus,a digestive disorder involving inadequate insulin action.

Question 45

Intrinsic control of GFR,which is mediated by parasympathetic nervous system input to the efferent arterioles,is aimed at long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure.

Question 46

Glomerular filtration is the first step in urine formation.

Question 47

Three physical forces are involved in glomerular filtration: glomerular capillary blood pressure,plasma-colloid osmotic pressure,and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure.

Question 48

If a H₂O deficit exists relative to the solute load,the body fluids are too concentrated or are hypertonic,having an osmolarity greater than 300 mOsm/L.

Question 49

The glomerular capillary wall consists of two layers of smooth muscle cells.

Question 50

All plasma constituents filtered,secreted and reabsorbed remain in the tubules and pass into the renal pelvis to be excreted as urine.

Question 51

Several factors can alter the rate of potassium secretion,the most important being renin.

Question 52

After urine is formed,it drains into a central collecting cavity,the renal pelvis,located at the medial inner core of each kidney.

Question 53

The loop of Henle forms a sharp U-shaped or hairpin loop that surrounds the renal cortex.

Question 54

The most important and best-known hormonal system involved in regulating sodium ions is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Question 55

Urea molecules,being the smallest of the waste products,are the only wastes passively reabsorbed.

Question 56

One function of the kidney is to produce renin,an enzymatic hormone that triggers a chain reaction important in salt conservation by the kidneys.

Question 57

Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule plays a pivotal role in reabsorbing glucose,amino acids,H₂O,chloride ions and urea.

Question 58

Clinical measurement of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)is a crude assessment of kidney function.

Question 59

The rate of glomerular filtration depends on the filtration coefficient as well as on the net filtration pressure.

Question 60

The plasma clearance rate for a secreted substance is always less than the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 61

The renal medulla is made up of striated structures called the renal __________.

Question 62

The kidneys maintain proper __________ volume,which is important in the long-term regulation of arterial __________.

Question 63

Although vasopressin promotes H₂O conservation by the body,it cannot halt urine production.

Question 64

Regardless of cause,renal failure can manifest itself either as painful renal failure or non-painful renal failure.

Question 65

Contraction of __________ cells closes off a portion of the filtering capillaries,reducing the surface area available for filtration within the glomerular tuft.

Question 66

To be reabsorbed,a substance must cross the __________ membrane of the tubular cell to enter the interstitial fluid.

Question 67

Of the total energy spent by the kidneys,80% is used for __________ transport.

Question 68

Two mechanisms contribute to autoregulation of the GFR: a(n)__________mechanism and a tubuloglomerular __________ mechanism.

Question 69

The selective movement of substances from inside the tubule (the tubular lumen)into the blood is called tubular __________.

Question 70

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)produce __________.

Question 71

The renal vein is a branch of the __________.

Question 72

Plasma-colloid __________ pressure is caused by the unequal distribution of plasma proteins across the __________ membrane.

Question 73

In response to the resultant rise in salt delivery to the distal tubule,the macula densa cells release __________ and adenosine.

Question 74

The granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete an enzymatic hormone called __________.

Question 75

The micturition reflex is initiated when stretch receptors within the urethra are stimulated.

Question 76

Water diuresis involves increased excretion of both H₂O and solute caused by excess unreabsorbed solute in the tubular fluid,such as occurs in untreated diabetes mellitus.

Question 77

During reabsorption,H₂O passes primarily through __________ that are formed by specific plasma membrane proteins in the tubular cells.

Question 78

The __________ apparatus produces substances involved in the control of kidney function.

Question 79

Bladder smooth muscle is richly supplied by parasympathetic fibers,stimulation of which causes bladder contraction.

Question 80

The basement membrane is a(n)__________ gelatinous layer composed of collagen and glycoproteins that is sandwiched between the __________ and Bowman's capsule.