Deck 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience

Question 1

Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to

A) survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation.
B) remain healthy.
C) win fights.
D) survive.
E) avoid predation.

Answer 1

survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation.

Question 2

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

A) kill their mates.
B) become seriously injured.
C) produce more offspring than nondominant males.
D) establish hierarchies.
E) are much larger.

Answer 2

produce more offspring than nondominant males.

Question 3

According to the text,the phrase,"Reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated." sums up the history of

A) biopsychology.
B) physiology.
C) Cartesian dualism.
D) nature-or-nurture thinking.
E) comparative psychology.

Answer 3

nature-or-nurture thinking.

Question 4

The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by

A) Hebb.
B) Locke.
C) Plato.
D) Descartes.
E) Pinel.

Question 5

Darwin's theory of evolution was published in

A) 1312.
B) 1562.
C) 1859.
D) 1920.
E) 1943.

Question 6

Asomatognosia is a

A) form of Korsakoff's syndrome.
B) dualistic philosophy.
C) learned response.
D) consequence of hypothalamic damage.
E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.

Question 7

European ethologists focused on the study of

A) invertebrates.
B) instinctive behaviors.
C) learning.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 8

Nature is to nurture as

A) learning is to genetics.
B) behaviorism is to ethology.
C) genetics is to experience.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 9

Depicted here is the cortex of the right

A) parietal lobe.
B) hippocampus.
C) striatum.
D) frontal lobe.
E) prefrontal lobe.

Question 10

Asomatognosia typically

A) results from damage to the right parietal lobe.
B) affects the left side of the body.
C) affects both sides of the body.
D) affects the right side of the body.
E) both A and B

Question 11

Horse breeders have created faster horses through programs of

A) natural selection.
B) gene splicing.
C) selective breeding.
D) domestication.
E) euthanasia.

Question 12

The single most influential theory in the biological sciences is the theory of

A) D. O. Hebb.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) evolution.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 13

One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with

A) a mirror.
B) a photograph of themselves.
C) an experiment.
D) a frontal-lobe lesion.
E) a difficult task.

Question 14

All behavior is the product of

A) an organism's genetic endowment.
B) an organism's experience.
C) an organism's perception of the current situation.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 15

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you NOT to think about the biology of behavior in terms of

A) instinct.
B) Cartesian dualism.
C) traditional dichotomies.
D) psychology.
E) the brain.

Question 16

Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:

A) genes.
B) natural selection.
C) sex.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 17

Darwin was not the first to suggest that species evolve,but he was the first to suggest that

A) evolution occurs through natural selection.
B) cultures rarely evolve.
C) evolution occurs by genetics.
D) mammals do not evolve.
E) sex is an important component of evolution for all living species.

Question 18

Descartes's philosophy was called

A) monism.
B) behaviorism.
C) ethology.
D) mentalism.
E) dualism.

Question 19

Courtship displays are important evolutionary phenomena because they

A) promote the evolution of new species.
B) promote extinction.
C) facilitate aggression.
D) encourage social dominance.
E) eliminate copulation.

Question 20

The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its

A) canon.
B) guano.
C) zeitgeist.
D) converging operations.
E) confounds.

Question 21

One remaining mammalian species that lays eggs is the

A) duck-billed platypus.
B) hominin.
C) prosimian.
D) Florida walking catfish.
E) orangutan.

Question 22

Lizards,snakes,and turtles are

A) reptiles.
B) amphibians.
C) vertebrates.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 23

Mammals evolved directly from

A) reptiles.
B) fish.
C) amphibians.
D) prosimians.
E) primates.

Question 24

Reptiles were the first animals to

A) have back bones.
B) lay shell-covered eggs.
C) be covered by dry scales.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 25

Australopithecines,the first hominins,are thought to have evolved about __________ years ago.

A) 100 million
B) 150 million
C) 90 million
D) 4 million
E) 100 thousand

Question 26

The first hominins are thought to have evolved about

A) 200 million years ago.
B) 100 million years ago.
C) 50 million years ago.
D) 4 million years ago.
E) 1 million years ago.

Question 27

Animals with dorsal nerve cords are called

A) phyla.
B) chordates.
C) vertebrates.
D) mammals.
E) amphibians.

Question 28

Prosimians,hominins,and apes are all

A) old-world monkeys.
B) new-world monkeys.
C) langurs.
D) primates.
E) both B and C

Question 29

Well preserved 3.6-million-year-old footprints of 1.3-meter tall,small-brained __________ were discovered in African volcanic ash.

A) apes
B) Homo sapiens
C) Neanderthals
D) Australopithecines
E) archaeologists

Question 30

According to the simplest theory,the hominin line is composed of two different genera:

A) Australopithecus and Homo.
B) apes and Homo sapiens.
C) apes and humans.
D) old-world monkeys and new-world monkeys.
E) reptiles and amphibians.

Question 31

Evidence suggests that complex multicellular,water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth

A) in the early 1920s.
B) 600 million years ago.
C) 10 million years ago.
D) 4 million years ago.
E) 2 million years ago.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) All mammals are chordates.
B) All chordates are vertebrates.
C) All reptiles are vertebrates.
D) All mammals are vertebrates.
E) All vertebrates are chordates.

Question 33

Unlike Old-World monkeys,apes

A) do not have tails.
B) have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation.
C) do not have opposable thumbs.
D) cannot walk upright for short distances.
E) have tails.

Question 34

Which of the following are chordates?

A) humans
B) vertebrates
C) Florida walking catfish
D) mammals
E) all of the above

Question 35

Australo means __________; pithecus means __________.

A) African; gorilla
B) southern; ape
C) African; chimpanzee
D) African; ape
E) African; man

Question 36

The conspecific of a vole is a

A) rat.
B) monkey.
C) human.
D) mouse.
E) vole.

Question 37

The first animals to start to venture out of the water were

A) reptiles.
B) bony fishes.
C) amphibians.
D) Florida walking catfish.
E) both B and C

Question 38

Reptiles evolved directly from

A) amphibians.
B) fish.
C) bony fish.
D) prosimians.
E) snakes.

Question 39

Birds and reptiles are

A) amphibians.
B) chordates.
C) vertebrates.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 40

Frogs,toads,and salamanders are

A) vertebrates.
B) chordates.
C) amphibians.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 41

Which species has a brain larger than the human brain?

A) whale
B) elephant
C) chimpanzee
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 42

About 200,000 years ago,early hominins were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by

A) old-world monkeys.
B) accountants.
C) modern humans.
D) primates.
E) Australopithecus.

Question 43

A bird's wing and a bee's wing are

A) convolutions.
B) cerebral.
C) convergent.
D) homologous.
E) analogous.

Question 44

Metaphorically,evolution is a

A) scale.
B) ladder.
C) book.
D) bush.
E) soap dish.

Question 45

In terms of which of the following measures of brain size are humans surpassed by shrews?

A) brain weight
B) brain volume
C) neocortex volume
D) cerebellum volume
E) brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight

Question 46

Which of the following characteristics evolved to perform one function and were then co-opted to perform another?

A) exaptations
B) spandrels
C) homologues
D) analogues
E) none of the above

Question 47

In general,the brain stem regulates

A) thinking.
B) memory.
C) emotion.
D) reflex activities critical for survival.
E) vision.

Question 48

The field that focuses on the evolution of human behavior is

A) the human genome.
B) humanism.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behavioral evolution.
E) human genetics.

Question 49

Scientists who study fossils are called

A) archaeologists.
B) evolutionists.
C) podiatrists.
D) geologists.
E) paleontologists.

Question 50

The last surviving hominin species is

A) Australopithecus.
B) Homo sapiens.
C) prosimians.
D) lemurs.
E) tree shrews.

Question 51

During the course of human evolution,there has been a general increase in the

A) size of the brain.
B) number of cortical convolutions.
C) size of the cortex.
D) size of the cerebrum.
E) all of the above

Question 52

In most vertebrate species,mating is

A) monogamous.
B) promiscuous.
C) polygynous.
D) polyandrous.
E) asexual.

Question 53

In terms of which of the following measures of brain size are humans surpassed by shrews?

A) brain weight
B) brain volume
C) neocortex volume
D) cerebellum volume
E) brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight

Question 54

Modern adult human brains vary in size from about

A) 1,000 to 2,000 grams.
B) 10 to 20 grams.
C) 1,440 to 1,500 grams.
D) 1,300 to 1,400 grams.
E) 1,350 to 1,360 grams.

Question 55

Early research on the evolution of the brain focused on

A) its size.
B) the brain stem.
C) the thalamus.
D) the uvula.
E) its chemistry.

Question 56

Which of the following are evolutionary changes that are not adaptive?

A) spandrels
B) exaptations
C) homologous structures
D) analogous structures
E) both B and C

Question 57

Sudden evolutionary changes are often triggered by

A) selective breeding.
B) fossilization.
C) paleontologists.
D) brains.
E) sudden changes in the environment.

Question 58

Approximately what proportion of all species that ever existed on earth are still in existence?

A) about 61%
B) about 31%
C) about 7.5%
D) less than 1%
E) about 19%

Question 59

Convergent evolution produces structures that are

A) convergent.
B) analogous.
C) homologous.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 60

The pattern of mate bonding that is most prevalent in mammals is

A) promiscuity.
B) polygyny.
C) monogamy.
D) polyandry.
E) marriage.

Question 61

Which of the following is a short segment of DNA that determines the rate at which a protein will be synthesized by a particular structural gene?

A) ribosome
B) enhancer
C) codon
D) nucleotide
E) codon segment

Question 62

Just prior to mitotic cell division,the number of chromosomes in the cell

A) doubles.
B) is reduced by half.
C) doubles twice.
D) stays the same.
E) is increased by 50%.

Question 63

In each cell of the human body,there are normally

A) 21 chromosomes.
B) 21 pairs of chromosomes.
C) 23 genes.
D) 23 chromosomes.
E) 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 64

Female mammals have

A) only one X chromosome.
B) only one Y chromosome.
C) two X chromosomes.
D) two Y chromosomes.
E) both A and B

Question 65

Individuals who possess two identical genes for a particular trait

A) are homozygous for that trait.
B) are heterozygous for that trait.
C) cannot have offspring of the same phenotype for that trait.
D) cannot have offspring of the same genotype for that trait.
E) none of the above

Question 66

The "letters" of the genetic code are

A) deoxyribose bases.
B) phosphates.
C) nucleotide bases.
D) amino acids.
E) peptides.

Question 67

According to one prominent theory,monogamy evolved in only those species

A) in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help.
B) with opposable thumbs.
C) with large brains.
D) that used tools.
E) all of the above

Question 68

Gametes are produced by

A) mitosis.
B) mitotic cell division.
C) meiosis.
D) copulation
E) fertilization.

Question 69

Color blindness occurs more frequently in males than in females because it is

A) dominant.
B) rare.
C) quite common.
D) a recessive sex-linked trait.
E) both A and B

Question 70

The two genes,one on each chromosome of a pair,that control the same trait are called

A) dominants.
B) phenotypes.
C) genotypes.
D) gametes.
E) alleles.

Question 71

An organism's observable traits are referred to as its

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) dominant traits.
D) recessive traits.
E) none of the above

Question 72

Illustrated here is

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) the replication of a DNA molecule.
D) the replication of an RNA molecule.
E) an enhancer.

Question 73

How many different nucleotide bases are there in DNA?

A) l
B) 2
C) 4
D) 7
E) 26

Question 74

On the DNA molecule,cytosine binds to

A) guanine.
B) adenine.
C) thymine.
D) thiamine.
E) uracil.

Question 75

Accidental alteration in individual genes during replication is called

A) crossing over.
B) translation.
C) linkage.
D) mutation.
E) self-duplication.

Question 76

If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait,it can be concluded that

A) both parents also had a recessive phenotype for that trait.
B) only one parent had a recessive phenotype for that trait.
C) both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for that trait.
D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait.
E) both A and C

Question 77

Mendel

A) studied dichotomous pea-plant traits.
B) began his experiments by crossing the offspring of true-breeding lines.
C) collaborated with Darwin.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 78

Mendel's early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested.This was the premise that

A) there is only one gene for each trait.
B) there are two genes for each trait.
C) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents.
D) white seeds are dominant.
E) some traits are dominant and some are recessive.

Question 79

In Down syndrome,there is

A) no guanine.
B) no adenine.
C) no thymine.
D) no cytosine.
E) an extra chromosome in each cell.

Question 80

Sex-linked traits that are controlled by dominant genes occur more frequently in

A) females.
B) males.
C) neural disorders.
D) XY individuals.
E) both B and D