Deck 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System

Question 1

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by

A) networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles.
B) the superior sagittal sinus.
C) the arachnoid membrane.
D) the choroid plexuses.
E) both A and D

Answer 1

both A and D

Question 2

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

A) ANS and the CNS.
B) SNS and the CNS.
C) PNS and the CNS.
D) ANS and the PNS.
E) brain and the spinal cord.

Answer 2

PNS and the CNS.

Question 3

From outside to inside,the three meninges are the

A) Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
B) arachnoid, dura, and pia.
C) dura, pia, and meninx.
D) dura, meninx, and pia.
E) dura, arachnoid, and pia.

Answer 3

dura, arachnoid, and pia.

Question 4

The dura mater,arachnoid membrane,and pia mater are

A) neurons.
B) neuroglia.
C) parts of the autonomic nervous system.
D) meninges.
E) myelin.

Question 5

The subarachnoid space is just outside the

A) neocortex.
B) arachnoid membrane.
C) arachnoid mater.
D) pia mater.
E) central canal.

Question 6

In general,afferent nerves carry sensory information

A) to the CNS.
B) to the PNS.
C) from the CNS.
D) from the cortex.
E) from the brain.

Question 7

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

A) ANS and PNS.
B) brain and brain stem.
C) SNS and ANS.
D) spinal cord and brain stem.
E) none of the above

Question 8

The first two cranial nerves are

A) the olfactory and optic nerves.
B) the optic and auditory nerves.
C) the facial and auditory nerves.
D) motor.
E) both B and D

Question 9

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

A) lateral ventricles.
B) third and fourth ventricles.
C) fourth ventricle and the central canal.
D) circus maximus and the forum.
E) left and right hemispheres.

Question 10

The CSF circulates through the

A) central canal.
B) lateral ventricles.
C) subarachnoid space.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 11

The ANS is part of the

A) sympathetic nervous system.
B) parasympathetic nervous system.
C) brain.
D) CNS.
E) none of the above

Question 12

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body's energy?

A) CNS
B) PNS
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
E) somatic nervous system

Question 13

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 2
E) 12

Question 14

The somatic nervous system

A) is part of the PNS.
B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment.
C) is part of the ANS.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 15

The vagus nerve is

A) part of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) the tenth cranial nerve.
C) the longest cranial nerve.
D) both sensory and motor.
E) all of the above

Question 16

The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has

A) no first-stage neurons.
B) no second-stage neurons.
C) first-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ.
D) first-stage neurons that synapse close to the target organ.
E) both B and C

Question 17

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the

A) somatic nervous system.
B) basal ganglia.
C) ANS.
D) peripheral nervous system.
E) both C and D

Question 18

When a tumor near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain,the disorder is

A) hydrocephalus.
B) Down syndrome.
C) cranial elephantiasis.
D) multiple sclerosis.
E) Parkinson's disease.

Question 19

Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) cranial nerves
E) autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Adhering to the surface of the brain is the

A) tough mother.
B) pia mater.
C) dura mater.
D) CSF.
E) both A and C

Question 21

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

A) astrocytes.
B) oligodendroglia.
C) glial cells.
D) Schwann cells.
E) microglia.

Question 22

Myelination

A) causes neural degeneration.
B) penetrates the blood brain barrier.
C) occurs only on Schwann cells.
D) increases the speed of axonal conduction.
E) increases the speed of synaptic transmission.

Question 23

Neurons are specialized to receive,conduct,and transmit

A) dendrites.
B) axons.
C) synapses.
D) electrochemical signals.
E) pizzas.

Question 24

Chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs

A) at points where their cell bodies contact one another.
B) across gaps called dendrites.
C) across synapses.
D) at points where their axons contact one another.
E) at points where dendrites contact one another.

Question 25

The blood brain barrier is

A) a spongy bone.
B) located in the pia mater.
C) about the size of the cortex.
D) located in all three meninges.
E) none of the above

Question 26

The soma is

A) often myelinated.
B) the cell body.
C) covered by nodes of Ranvier.
D) next to the nucleus.
E) smaller than a terminal button.

Question 27

Which part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

A) dendrites
B) axon
C) cell body
D) buttons
E) both A and B

Question 28

Hydrocephalus results from the

A) production of too much CSF.
B) production of excessively watery CSF.
C) production of water rather than CSF.
D) breakdown of the mechanism that absorbs CSF into the lateral vesicles.
E) none of the above

Question 29

Neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as

A) motor.
B) autonomic.
C) multipolar.
D) bipolar.
E) unipolar.

Question 30

Many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body.This long process is

A) an axon.
B) a dendrite.
C) a button.
D) a protein.
E) a signal protein.

Question 31

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

A) nucleus.
B) nodes of Ranvier.
C) postsynaptic membranes.
D) dendrites.
E) button.

Question 32

PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) astrocytes.
D) neuroglia.
E) ANS.

Question 33

The neuron membrane includes

A) a lipid bilayer.
B) channel proteins.
C) signal proteins.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 34

In the CNS,axons are myelinated by

A) vesicles.
B) oligodendrites.
C) unipolar cells.
D) astrocytes.
E) Schwann cells.

Question 35

Interneurons

A) don't conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
B) have two short axons but no dendrites.
C) have one long axon and one short dendrite.
D) have several short axons and no dendrites.
E) have bipolar axons and no dendrites.

Question 36

Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

A) neurons.
B) ganglia.
C) nerves.
D) nuclei.
E) buttons.

Question 37

The blood brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of

A) many proteins and other large molecules.
B) all small molecules.
C) glucose.
D) sodium.
E) all fluids.

Question 38

Most of a neuron's DNA is in its

A) nucleus.
B) buttons.
C) synaptic vesicles.
D) mitochondria.
E) axon hillock.

Question 39

The cone-shaped structure at the junction between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the

A) node of Ranvier.
B) dendrite.
C) axon hillock.
D) Golgi complex.
E) mitochondrian.

Question 40

Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to

A) nuclei.
B) ganglia.
C) ganglion.
D) nucleus.
E) cell bodies.

Question 41

The first neural stain that permitted neuroanatomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was

A) the Nissl stain.
B) the Golgi stain.
C) the Weigert stain.
D) mainly used for anterograde tracing.
E) electron microscopy.

Question 42

The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it

A) is opaque.
B) reveals the inner structure of the neuron.
C) does not stain many neurons.
D) stains only Golgi neurons.
E) was developed by a Nobel Prize winner.

Question 43

To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure,an investigator would employ

A) a retrograde tracing technique.
B) an anterograde tracing technique.
C) labeled chemicals that are readily transported back to the neuron's nucleus.
D) a Golgi stain.
E) a Nissl stain.

Question 44

The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

A) microglia.
B) Schwann cells.
C) astrocytes.
D) oligodendrocytes.
E) oligodendroglia.

Question 45

The first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a slide; it is

A) the Golgi stain.
B) red.
C) the Nissl stain.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 46

The spine of a human runs just beneath the body's

A) ventral surface.
B) anterior surface.
C) dorsal surface.
D) posterior surface.
E) superior surface.

Question 47

The nose of a rat is

A) medial.
B) dorsal.
C) anterior.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 48

The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best

A) with a Nissl stain.
B) by electron microscopy.
C) with cresyl violet.
D) with a Golgi stain.
E) with a microelectrode.

Question 49

The largest glial cells are

A) astrocytes.
B) Schwann cells.
C) microglia.
D) magnoglia.
E) oligodendrocytes.

Question 50

The top of a dog's head is

A) anterior.
B) ventral.
C) caudal.
D) dorsal.
E) posterior.

Question 51

The Golgi stain colors neurons

A) violet.
B) black.
C) blue.
D) red.
E) yellow.

Question 52

The tip of your nose is

A) superior and dorsal.
B) caudal and anterior.
C) medial and anterior.
D) anterior and posterior.
E) ventral and dorsal.

Question 53

Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates,but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?

A) inferior
B) caudal
C) posterior
D) medial
E) lateral

Question 54

Nissl stains (e.g.,cresyl violet)are frequently used to

A) study the fine details of axonal structure.
B) determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system.
C) study the contents of neural buttons.
D) identify axosomatic synapses.
E) study the responses of Nissl bodies to stimulation.

Question 55

The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a

A) midsagittal section.
B) sagittal section.
C) longitudinal section.
D) lateral section.
E) cross section.

Question 56

A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures,the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A) horizontal
B) sagittal
C) midsagittal
D) frontal
E) diagonal

Question 57

The direction toward the back of your head is

A) posterior.
B) dorsal.
C) inferior.
D) anterior.
E) ventral.

Question 58

Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of

A) cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.
B) myelin.
C) myelinated axons.
D) meninges.
E) cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 59

The discovery of the Golgi stain

A) was accidental.
B) was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system.
C) occurred in 1995.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 60

The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it

A) operates in light.
B) is capable of higher magnification than the ordinary electron microscope.
C) produces three-dimensional images.
D) uses more protons than electrons.
E) requires fewer beams of electrons.

Question 61

The midbrain is

A) part of the mesencephalon.
B) part of the metencephalon.
C) the mesencephalon.
D) part of the brain stem.
E) both C and D

Question 62

The reticular formation is in the core of the

A) mesencephalon.
B) myelencephalon.
C) metencephalon.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 63

White matter is white because

A) it is unmyelinated.
B) cell bodies are white.
C) satellite cells are gray.
D) axon membranes are white.
E) myelin is white.

Question 64

The myelencephalon is often called the

A) midbrain.
B) hypothalamus.
C) brain stem.
D) medulla.
E) cortex.

Question 65

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

A) sensory.
B) motor.
C) tracts.
D) multipolar polar.
E) bipolar.

Question 66

How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?

A) 12
B) 31
C) 62
D) 124
E) billions

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT in the brain stem?

A) myelencephalon
B) mesencephalon
C) metencephalon
D) medulla
E) telencephalon

Question 68

The myelencephalon is composed largely of

A) ganglia.
B) tracts.
C) nerves.
D) ventricles.
E) colliculi.

Question 69

How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?

A) 12
B) 31
C) 62
D) 124
E) billions

Question 70

Most neurons of the ventral roots

A) are bipolar.
B) are unipolar.
C) have their cell bodies in white matter.
D) have their cell bodies in the ventral horns.
E) are interneurons.

Question 71

The caudal part of the forebrain is the

A) telencephalon.
B) diencephalon.
C) myelencephalon.
D) reticular formation.
E) midbrain.

Question 72

"Encephalon" means within the

A) forebrain.
B) brain stem.
C) head.
D) cerebral hemispheres.
E) nervous system.

Question 73

The reticular formation is in the

A) brain stem.
B) cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) olfactory bulb.
E) spinal cord.

Question 74

The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the

A) eyes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) cerebral hemispheres.
D) ventricles.
E) testes.

Question 75

In cross section,spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two

A) ventral roots.
B) ventral routes.
C) ventral horns.
D) lateral horns.
E) both A and B

Question 76

The myelencephalon is

A) the medulla.
B) part of the hindbrain.
C) part of the brain stem.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 77

This is an illustration of the human brain stem.The pointer lines point to the

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) reticular formation.
D) hippocampus.
E) tegmentum.

Question 78

This is an illustration of the developing neural tube.The line points to one of the brain's major divisions,the

A) diencephalon.
B) metencephalon.
C) telencephalon.
D) myelencephalon.
E) mesencephalon.

Question 79

Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the

A) cortex.
B) spinal cord.
C) dorsal root ganglia.
D) PNS.
E) ventral horn.

Question 80

Which of the following structures is named after a term that means "little net"?

A) reticular formation
B) mesencephalon
C) medulla
D) cerebellum
E) hippocampus