Deck 13: Hormones and Sex

Question 1

Two of the major classes of gonadal steroid hormones are

A) androgens and estrogens.
B) testosterones and estradiols.
C) progesterones and estradiols.
D) progesterones and testosterones.
E) testosterones and minestrones.

Answer 1

androgens and estrogens.

Question 2

In the mathematics of copulation,

A) ovaries + testes = zygote
B) Y + Y = zygote
C) ovum + sperm = zygote
D) gonads + testes = scrotum
E) X Y = infertility

Answer 2

ovum + sperm = zygote

Question 3

The most prevalent estrogen is

A) estradiol.
B) progestin.
C) progesterone.
D) testosterone.
E) androstenedione.

Answer 3

estradiol.

Question 4

All of the sex steroids that are released by the gonads are also released by the

A) sweat glands.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) pituitary.
D) anterior pituitary.
E) adrenal medulla.

Question 5

The testes and ovaries are

A) zygotes.
B) gonads.
C) sex chromosomes.
D) ova.
E) progestins.

Question 6

Which of the gonads is indicated here?

A) vagina
B) ovary
C) adrenal
D) testes
E) pancreas

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true? All typical

A) females have more than one X sex chromosome.
B) females do NOT have a Y sex chromosome.
C) males have an X sex chromosome.
D) males have a Y sex chromosome.
E) all of the above

Question 8

Steroid hormones

A) are synthesized from cholesterol.
B) play a major role in sexual development.
C) penetrate cell membranes.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 9

Sweat glands

A) are exocrine glands.
B) release hormones into the circulatory system.
C) are endocrine glands.
D) are ductless glands.
E) release hormones directly into the blood.

Question 10

The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are

A) testosterones, estrogens, and progestins.
B) progesterones, androgens, and estradiols.
C) estradiols, estrogens, and androgens.
D) progestins, estrogens, and androgens.
E) testosterones, estrogens, and minestrones.

Question 11

Most hormones fit into one of the following three categories:

A) complex carbohydrates, sugars, or proteins.
B) amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins, or steroids.
C) peptide chains, saccharide chains, or amino acids.
D) exocrine, endocrine, or androgens.
E) peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.

Question 12

Hormones influence sexual behavior by

A) directing the development of many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as male or female.
B) activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature adults.
C) dividing into two separate pools, male hormones and female hormones, which have opposite, mutually exclusive effects.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

A) No sperm cells have Y chromosomes.
B) All sperm cells have Y chromosomes.
C) All sperm cells have X chromosomes.
D) No sperm cells have X chromosomes.
E) none of the above is true

Question 14

According to the text,the mamawawa is an African culture

A) whose sexual practices appear bizarre from the North American perspective.
B) in which the female is dominant.
C) in which weak males are castrated at puberty.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 15

Endocrine glands are ductless glands; they release

A) substances to the outside world.
B) hormones to the outside world.
C) perspiration, among other things.
D) hormones into the circulatory system.
E) chromosomes into nuclei.

Question 16

Which hormone is released by the testes but not by the ovaries?

A) testosterone
B) progesterone
C) estradiol
D) androstenedione
E) none of the above

Question 17

In males,one sex chromosome is an X chromosome and the other is

A) an XX chromosome.
B) a Y chromosome.
C) a large X chromosome.
D) an H-Y chromosome.
E) a small X chromosome.

Question 18

Testosterone is

A) a progestin.
B) an androgen.
C) an estrogen.
D) an estradiol.
E) a progesterone.

Question 19

According to the text,the "mamawawa"

A) is the men-are-men-and-women-are-women assumption.
B) is seductive.
C) seems so right, but is fundamentally wrong.
D) is the tendency to think that "femaleness" and "maleness" are discrete, mutually exclusive, complementary categories.
E) all of the above

Question 20

Hormones influence sexual behavior by

A) directing the development from many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as female or male.
B) activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature females and males.
C) determining whether the zygote is XX or XY.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 21

Female gonadal hormone levels:

A) are steady
B) are controlled by the female anterior pituitary
C) are cyclical
D) are controlled by the female menstrual cycle

Question 22

A tropic hormone is any hormone that

A) increases reproductive behavior.
B) stimulates or suppresses the release of posterior pituitary hormones.
C) is released by the pituitary.
D) stimulates or suppresses the release of other hormones.
E) influences the ovaries and testes.

Question 23

Although the pituitary is often referred to as the master gland,strictly speaking the master gland is the

A) snot gland.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pineal gland.

Question 24

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) adrenal glands.
E) thyroid.

Question 25

A portal vein is any vein

A) in the pituitary stalk or "porta."
B) that carries blood toward the pituitary.
C) that connects one capillary network with another.
D) that carries blood away from the hypothalamus.
E) that leads to a large chamber.

Question 26

The anterior pituitary develops from a small outgrowth of fetal

A) tissue of the type that eventually grows into the roof of the mouth.
B) thalamic tissue.
C) posterior pituitary tissue.
D) hypothalamic tissue.
E) adrenal tissue.

Question 27

The master gland has its own master; where is it?

A) pituitary
B) hypothalamus
C) anterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary
E) pineal

Question 28

Selectively cutting the veins of the pituitary stalk temporarily disrupts the release of

A) hypothalamic hormones.
B) posterior pituitary hormones.
C) anterior pituitary hormones.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 29

Which of the following is released by the adrenal cortex?

A) testosterone
B) estradiol
C) progesterone
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 30

Metaphorically speaking,which gland is the master gland?

A) thyroid
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) pineal
E) adrenal

Question 31

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via the

A) fornix.
B) adrenals.
C) medial forebrain bundle.
D) hypothalamopituitary portal system.
E) thyroid.

Question 32

The anterior pituitary receives substantial neural input from the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) thalamus.
E) none of the above

Question 33

Located just above the pituitary is the

A) hypothalamus.
B) pinel gland.
C) penile gland.
D) thyroid gland.
E) pineal gland.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Males and females have fundamentally different anterior pituitaries.
B) Males and females have fundamentally different posterior pituitaries.
C) A male pituitary transplanted into a female displays a cyclic pattern of hormone release.
D) A female pituitary transplanted into a male displays a cyclic pattern of hormone release.
E) both A and D

Question 35

The anterior pituitary releases

A) estrogen.
B) tropic hormones.
C) testosterone.
D) releasing factors.
E) vasopressin.

Question 36

In addition to the testes,which of the following endocrine glands could be said to dangle?

A) pituitary
B) hypothalamus
C) adrenal medulla
D) thyroid
E) adrenal cortex

Question 37

Unlike the posterior pituitary,the anterior pituitary

A) receives no neural input.
B) has no blood vessels.
C) releases hormones.
D) releases no hormones.
E) is suspended from the pituitary stalk.

Question 38

Indicated here is the__________,which supplies the posterior pituitary with vasopressin and oxytocin.

A) supraoptic nucleus
B) paraventricular nucleus
C) anterior pituitary
D) adrenal cortex
E) adrenal medulla

Question 39

The axons of both paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus neurons terminate in the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) hypothalamus.
D) gonads.
E) adrenal cortex.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Vasopressin stimulates contractions of the uterus and the release of oxytocin.
B) Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary.
C) The release of oxytocin is stimulated by hypothalamic releasing factors.
D) Oxytocin and vasopressin are different names for the same hormone.
E) Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

Question 41

The word that refers specifically to the removal of the testes is

A) orchidectomy.
B) ovariectomy.
C) gonadectomy.
D) castration.
E) both A and C

Question 42

The cortices of the primordial gonads may develop into

A) ovaries.
B) the female sex ducts.
C) the frenulum.
D) testes.
E) the Wolffian system.

Question 43

During the third month of male fetal development,the testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone and

A) estradiol.
B) Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
C) releasing factors.
D) tropic hormones.
E) Wolffian-inhibiting substance.

Question 44

Thyrotropin is released by the

A) thyroid gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) posterior pituitary.
E) adrenal cortex.

Question 45

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of __________ from the anterior pituitary.

A) follicle stimulating hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) thyrotropin
D) testosterone
E) both A and B

Question 46

The first releasing hormone to be isolated was

A) gonadotropin releasing hormone.
B) thyrotropin releasing hormone.
C) follicle stimulating hormone.
D) luteinizing hormone.
E) growth hormone releasing factor.

Question 47

In the absence of Sry protein,the

A) cortex of a primordial gonad develops into an ovary.
B) medulla of a primordial gonad develops into a testis.
C) Müllerian system develops into male ducts.
D) cortex of a primordial gonad develops into a testis.
E) medulla of a primordial gonad develops into an ovary.

Question 48

A female whose ovaries have been removed is said to be

A) orchidectomized.
B) ovariectomized.
C) gonadectomized.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 49

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) pituitary.
E) gonads.

Question 50

Only the upper portion of the __________ is part of the Müllerian system.

A) vas deferens
B) vagina
C) fallopian tubes
D) uterus
E) penis

Question 51

Which of the following are likely to develop female internal reproductive ducts?

A) gonadectomized female fetuses
B) gonadectomized male fetuses
C) male fetuses injected with estrogen
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 52

When she matures,a genetic female fetus injected with testosterone in its third month of development could very well have

A) no internal reproductive ducts.
B) both male and female internal reproductive ducts.
C) male internal reproductive ducts, but no female ducts.
D) two complete sets of female internal reproductive ducts.
E) copious quantities of Müllerian-inhibiting substance.

Question 53

Both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are

A) releasing hormones.
B) releasing factors.
C) gonadotropins.
D) posterior pituitary hormones.
E) gonadal hormones.

Question 54

There are often large minute-to-minute fluctuations in the levels of a person's circulating hormones.These fluctuations are often the result of

A) pulsatile hormone release.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) testosterone.
E) the adrenal medulla.

Question 55

Releasing hormones are released into the

A) gonads.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) hypothalamopituitary portal system.
D) ventricles.
E) adrenal cortex.

Question 56

The Sry gene on the Y sex chromosome triggers the synthesis of

A) testosterone.
B) the Müllerian system.
C) the primordial gonads.
D) Sry protein.
E) estradiol.

Question 57

Releasing hormones control the release of

A) estrogens.
B) androgens.
C) progestins.
D) tropic hormones.
E) releasing factors.

Question 58

Sperm cells move to the seminal vesicles through the

A) Wolffian tube.
B) Müllerian tube.
C) vas deferens.
D) fallopian tubes.
E) H-Y antigen axons.

Question 59

Humans are dimorphic; that is,they come

A) with two of most things.
B) from a two-layered embryo.
C) with a two-lobed brain.
D) in two standard models: female and male.
E) with two bilaterally symmetrical halves.

Question 60

Sry protein triggers the development of the medullas of the primordial gonads into

A) testes.
B) a Müllerian system.
C) the penis.
D) ovaries.
E) a Wolffian system.

Question 61

Puberty is associated with an increase in the release of

A) growth hormone.
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C) gonadotropic hormone.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 62

There is good evidence in some species that testosterone does not masculinize the brain directly,that it is first converted to estradiol,which then masculinizes the brain.This hypothesis is called the __________ hypothesis.

A) dihydrotestosterone
B) aromatization
C) alpha fetoprotein
D) cholesterol
E) dimorphic

Question 63

At puberty,the growth of female pubic hair and axillary hair is stimulated by

A) androstenedione.
B) testosterone.
C) minestrone.
D) estradiol.
E) growth hormone.

Question 64

Which of the following male structures develops from the same fetal tissue as do the labia majora?

A) scrotum
B) shaft of the penis
C) head of the penis
D) frenulum
E) labia minora

Question 65

Alpha fetoprotein

A) is present in the blood of neonatal rats.
B) does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
C) deactivates circulating estradiol.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 66

In the evaluation of the effects of various hormone treatments on reproductive behavior,it is important to distinguish between "feminize" and "demasculinize" because they

A) are usually the same.
B) do not always go together.
C) are the opposite of masculinize and defeminize.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 67

In sensitive species,female fetuses are protected from the masculinizing effects of their mother's estradiol by

A) estrogens.
B) alpha fetoprotein.
C) the blood-brain barrier.
D) diethylstilbestrol.
E) lordosis.

Question 68

A normal genetic female who receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development will be born with

A) ovaries.
B) male internal reproductive ducts.
C) undeveloped female reproductive ducts.
D) male external reproductive organs.
E) all of the above

Question 69

All gonadal sex hormones are

A) steroids.
B) peptides.
C) derived from cholesterol.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 70

Which of the following statements about brain differentiation is true according to recent findings?

A) The sexual dimorphism of the mammalian brain depends entirely on the presence or absence of testosterone; genes play no direct role.
B) The program of mammalian female brain development unfolds normally in the absence of estradiol or other hormones.
C) There is a single mechanism that accounts for all differences between the brains of male and female mammals.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 71

Generally speaking,feminization of the body at puberty

A) occurs automatically unless testosterone is present.
B) is stimulated by a high ratio of androgens to estrogens.
C) is stimulated by a high ratio of estrogens to androgens.
D) can be blocked by hormones but is not stimulated by them.
E) occurs automatically even if testosterone is present in large amounts.

Question 72

If the testes of a normal male fetus were removed as soon as they developed,the child would be born with

A) female internal reproductive ducts.
B) undeveloped male internal reproductive ducts.
C) a hypothalamus that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormones cyclically.
D) female external reproductive organs.
E) all of the above

Question 73

Ear wiggling

A) is a proceptive behavior in female rats.
B) by male rats serves to attract the sexual attention of female rats.
C) occurs in male rats only during particularly intense orgasms.
D) commonly occurs in female rats only during particularly intense orgasms.
E) is a component of lordosis in rats.

Question 74

Brains of human males and females exhibit the following general difference: Male brains tend to be

A) 15% smaller.
B) 15% larger.
C) much more myelinated.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 75

Human male brains and human female brains

A) differ substantially in size.
B) differ slightly in size, but appear to be identical.
C) are the same size.
D) differ in size very slightly, but differ greatly in function.
E) are the same size, but function differently.

Question 76

The external reproductive organs of males and females develop

A) from different tissue.
B) from the same bipotential tissue.
C) under environmental control.
D) under direct genetic control.
E) under estrogenic control.

Question 77

The male and female external reproductive organs develop from the

A) Wolffian system.
B) Müllerian system.
C) Wolffian and Müllerian systems, respectively.
D) the same bipotential precursor.
E) Müllerian and Wolffian systems, respectively.

Question 78

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic that is induced by an androgen other than testosterone?

A) the female pattern of pubic hair growth
B) increased muscularity
C) chest hair
D) the male pattern of pubic hair growth
E) breasts

Question 79

The aromatization hypothesis is that

A) alpha fetoprotein deactivates testosterone.
B) dihydrotestosterone has no masculinizing effect.
C) estradiol created in the brains of developing males from testosterone masculinizes their brains.
D) estradiol created in the brains of developing females from testosterone feminizes their brains.
E) testosterone created in the brains of developing females from estradiol feminizes their brains.

Question 80

Which of the following statements describes our current understanding of differences in the structure of human female and human male brains?

A) Male and female brains are identical.
B) Some suggestions of differences have been reported, but none of the differences has proven to be replicable.
C) Many structural differences have been documented.
D) The female frontal cortex is substantially larger than the male counterpart.
E) The male frontal cortex has an extra layer.