Deck 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits

Question 1

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals,often by liver enzymes,is referred to as drug

A) tolerance.
B) metabolism.
C) withdrawal.
D) blocking.
E) habituation.

Answer 1

metabolism.

Question 2

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is

A) indigestion.
B) the binding of drugs to the wall of the stomach.
C) its unpredictability.
D) nausea.
E) that it promotes drug interactions.

Answer 2

its unpredictability.

Question 3

After the termination of exposure to some drugs,there are withdrawal effects that are usually

A) similar to the initial effects of the drug.
B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug.
C) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much more severe.
D) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe.
E) no longer than a few minutes in duration.

Answer 3

opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Question 4

Many chronic drug-addicted individuals come to prefer the __________ route of drug administration.

A) oral
B) IM
C) SC
D) IV
E) IP

Question 5

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve

A) upward.
B) to the right.
C) to the left.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 6

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is

A) situationally specific tolerance.
B) contingent tolerance.
C) reverse tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) metabolic tolerance.

Question 7

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

A) drug tolerance.
B) drug sensitization.
C) drug withdrawal.
D) physical dependence.
E) psychological dependence.

Question 8

Some drugs can be effectively delivered through mucous membranes.One such drug is

A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) morphine.
D) nicotine.
E) caffeine.

Question 9

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be

A) physically dependent.
B) psychologically dependent.
C) tolerant.
D) intoxicated.
E) both B and C

Question 10

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration.

A) slight
B) fast
C) predictable
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 11

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect

A) the activity of the central nervous system.
B) subjective experience.
C) behavior.
D) all of the above
E) psychotic behavior.

Question 12

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by

A) reflexology.
B) the blood-brain barrier.
C) tolerance.
D) the cerebrospinal fluid.
E) withdrawal.

Question 13

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

A) generalized tolerance.
B) cross tolerance.
C) contingent tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) transferred tolerance.

Question 14

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the

A) stomach.
B) mouth.
C) intestine.
D) esophagus.
E) lungs.

Question 15

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain.

A) Contingent
B) Metabolic
C) Situationally specific
D) Functional
E) In vitro

Question 16

Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted

A) in the early parts of the 20th century.
B) before there was relevant scientific information.
C) in the 1960s.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 17

Drug sensitization is the opposite of

A) drug withdrawal.
B) physical dependence on drugs.
C) drug tolerance.
D) conditioned drug withdrawal effects.
E) drug addiction.

Question 18

Globally,more than 1 billion people are addicted to _____________,and more than 76 million are addicted to _____________.

A) heroin; marijuana
B) nicotine; alcohol
C) heroin; cocaine
D) heroin; prescription drugs
E) marijuana; heroin

Question 19

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative

A) predictability.
B) ease.
C) safety.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 20

Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?

A) IV
B) IM
C) SC
D) through mucus membranes
E) oral

Question 21

A hangover is a

A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
B) form of alcohol psychosis.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) form of alcohol dementia.
E) mild alcohol sensitization effect.

Question 22

Depression,anxiety,restlessness,irritability,constipation,difficulties in sleeping,and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.

A) heroin
B) morphine
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) nicotine

Question 23

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis,emphysema,cancer,stroke,and heart attack?

A) alcohol
B) tobacco
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) morphine

Question 24

The before-and-after design is often used to demonstrate

A) contingent tolerance.
B) metabolic tolerance.
C) situationally specific tolerance.
D) functional tolerance.
E) reverse tolerance.

Question 25

According to the research of Siegel,heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they

A) take heroin in an environment in which they have frequently taken it before.
B) take heroin subcutaneously.
C) take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before.
D) take heroin in an environment in which they have often taken other drugs before.
E) buy their heroin from a conspecific.

Question 26

The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the

A) particular drug in question.
B) dose of the preceding drug exposure.
C) duration of the preceding drug exposure.
D) speed with which the drug is cleared from the body.
E) all of the above

Question 27

The primary defining feature of addiction is

A) physical dependence.
B) tolerance.
C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.
D) sensitization.
E) both A and B

Question 28

Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease?

A) tobacco
B) morphine
C) marijuana
D) cocaine
E) alcohol

Question 29

A problem faced by theories of drug conditioning is predicting

A) the direction of conditioned effects.
B) whether or not there is a conditional stimulus.
C) whether or not there is an unconditional stimulus.
D) whether conditioned or contingent tolerance will develop.
E) who will become addicted.

Question 30

According to Ramsay and Woods,the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is

A) the drug.
B) what the experimenter measures.
C) the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
D) the compensatory reactions to the conditional stimulus.
E) the test environment.

Question 31

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)?

A) morphine
B) nicotine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) cocaine

Question 32

According to the text,drug-addicted individuals are drug users who

A) are tolerant and psychologically dependent.
B) are physically and psychologically dependent.
C) are tolerant and physically dependent.
D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.
E) continue to use a drug because they are locked into a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal effects.

Question 33

Contingent drug tolerance is usually studied with

A) high drug doses.
B) low drug doses.
C) Pavlovian conditioning.
D) before-and-after designs.
E) withdrawal symptoms.

Question 34

Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity rather than from drug exposure per se came from the finding in one study that tolerance did NOT develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless

A) convulsive stimulation was administered.
B) convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.
C) convulsive stimulation was administered before each alcohol injection.
D) an anticonvulsant drug was administered before each alcohol injection.
E) alcohol was an anticonvulsant.

Question 35

Although __________ is classified as a depressant,it has stimulant effects at low doses.

A) alcohol
B) tobacco
C) cocaine
D) amphetamine
E) morphine

Question 36

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) tobacco
D) heroin
E) cocaine

Question 37

Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are,by definition,

A) addicted.
B) physically dependent.
C) metabolic.
D) tolerant.
E) psychologically dependent.

Question 38

Which of the following drugs is a diuretic?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) nicotine
D) morphine
E) cocaine

Question 39

Siegel's conditioning theory of drug tolerance is based heavily on demonstrations of

A) contingent tolerance.
B) functional tolerance.
C) the situational specificity of tolerance.
D) the negative correlation between intelligence and drug addiction.
E) the high levels of tolerance found in most drug-addicted individuals.

Question 40

Tobacco is a leading cause of preventable death; worldwide,it contributes to over 5 __________ premature deaths per year.

A) million
B) hundred
C) thousand
D) trillion
E) billion

Question 41

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions?

A) morphine
B) heroin
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) both A and B

Question 42

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from

A) morphine.
B) cocaine.
C) heroin.
D) alcohol.
E) high doses of nicotine.

Question 43

Cocaine sprees are the product of the interaction between the high positive-incentive value of cocaine and the rapid development of

A) tolerance.
B) alcohol.
C) schizophrenia.
D) paranoia.
E) convulsions.

Question 44

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs?

A) morphine
B) heroin
C) cocaine
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 45

Although causal effects have not yet been proven,the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern.

A) brain damage
B) permanent memory loss
C) violent crime
D) schizophrenia
E) bradycardia

Question 46

The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is

A) cacao.
B) crack.
C) cocaine hydrochloride.
D) lidocaine.
E) procaine.

Question 47

Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

A) heroin
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) both A and B

Question 48

In the middle ages,marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to

A) keep the sailors happy on long voyages.
B) suppress sexual urges during long voyages.
C) treat scurvy.
D) make rope.
E) feed pigs.

Question 49

Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) morphine
D) caffeine
E) marijuana

Question 50

Which of the following drugs is associated with severe dementia,gastritis,and cirrhosis of the liver?

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) morphine
D) cocaine
E) marijuana

Question 51

The impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is

A) crack.
B) smack.
C) lidocaine.
D) procaine
E) both A and B

Question 52

A meta-analysis that focused only on "well-designed" studies of moderate drinking and coronary heart disease found that

A) red wine reduced the number of heart attacks.
B) red wine reduced the severity of heart attacks.
C) red and white wine were both beneficial.
D) any alcohol in moderate amounts reduced both the incidence and severity of heart attacks.
E) none of the above

Question 53

The first-to-be-isolated endogenous chemical that binds to THC receptors was named

A) anandamide.
B) hightime.
C) bromandamine.
D) mellotamine.
E) endorphin.

Question 54

Cocaine is frequently consumed in

A) paper bags.
B) paper bags with holes.
C) water pipes.
D) glasses.
E) binges (i.e., sprees).

Question 55

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic __________ consumption.

A) nicotine
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
E) alcohol

Question 56

Marijuana contains over 80

A) kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
B) cannabinoids.
C) kinds of morphine.
D) kinds of Cannabis sativa.
E) hemp.

Question 57

Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic?

A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) cocaine
D) nicotine
E) ethyl alcohol

Question 58

Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop?

A) alcohol
B) opium
C) tobacco
D) marijuana
E) magic mushrooms

Question 59

Evidence indicates that one serious health hazard of marijuana is

A) brain damage.
B) permanent memory loss.
C) bradycardia.
D) cancer.
E) heart attack in people who have previously suffered heart attacks.

Question 60

Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as

A) synthetics.
B) stimulants.
C) opioids.
D) barbiturates.
E) tricyclics.

Question 61

During cocaine sprees,there is a risk of

A) convulsions.
B) respiratory arrest.
C) stroke.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 62

Cocaine hydrochloride

A) is a dopamine agonist.
B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters.
C) is a dopamine antagonist.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 63

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs has been likened to a bad case of the flu?

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) cocaine
D) opioids
E) marijuana

Question 64

Which of the following opioids is an analgesic?

A) morphine
B) codeine
C) amphetamine
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 65

The Harrison Narcotics Act,which was passed in the U.S.in 1914,unintentionally encouraged the use of

A) aspirin.
B) Street's Infant Quietness.
C) cocaine.
D) opium.
E) heroin.

Question 66

In 1644,the Emperor of China banned tobacco smoking.This law contributed to an increase in __________ addiction.

A) nicotine
B) opium
C) cocaine
D) heroin
E) morphine

Question 67

Restlessness,watery eyes,running nose,yawning,and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from

A) alcohol.
B) opioids.
C) cocaine.
D) nicotine.
E) marijuana.

Question 68

Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to schizophrenia?

A) alcohol
B) cocaine
C) heroin
D) opium
E) LSD

Question 69

The direct health hazards of addiction to __________ are relatively minor; they include constipation,pupil constriction,menstrual irregularity,and reduced sex drive.

A) marijuana
B) opioids
C) stimulants
D) cocaine
E) alcohol

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT an effect of chronic opioid exposure?

A) constipation
B) pupil constriction
C) reduced libido
D) menstrual irregularity
E) hypersexuality

Question 71

Which of the following drugs is a now commonly prescribed analgesic?

A) morphine
B) caffeine
C) cocaine
D) alcohol
E) heroin

Question 72

Which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine?

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) LSD
D) morphine
E) valium

Question 73

Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium?

A) morphine
B) codeine
C) heroin
D) cocaine
E) methadone

Question 74

Laudanum,Godfrey's Cordial,Dalby's Carminative,Mrs.Winslow's Soothing Syrup,and Street's Infant Quietness were all legal medications that contained

A) opioids.
B) coca paste.
C) alcohol.
D) cocaine.
E) THC.

Question 75

The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) cocaine
D) opioid
E) marijuana

Question 76

Opioids likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to

A) endorphins.
B) opioid receptors.
C) dopamine receptors.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 77

Which form of amphetamine is more potent than d-amphetamine?

A) ecstasy
B) ice
C) methamphetamine
D) MDMA
E) all of the above

Question 78

Although __________ is extremely addictive,there are few serious withdrawal symptoms once a binge has been abruptly terminated.

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) nicotine
D) morphine
E) opium

Question 79

Shivering,sweating,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,cramps,and muscle spasms are symptoms of

A) cocaine intoxication.
B) alcohol withdrawal.
C) later stages of severe heroin withdrawal.
D) early stages of morphine withdrawal.
E) heroin intoxication.

Question 80

These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain,cough,and diarrhea:

A) anxiolytics.
B) stimulants.
C) opioids.
D) depressants.
E) antidepressants.